Distinct charge dynamics in battery electrodes revealed by in situ and operando soft X-ray spectroscopy

• Published in: Nature communications Vol. 4; no. 1; p. 2568
• Main Authors: Liu, Xiaosong, Wang, Dongdong, Liu, Gao, Srinivasan, Venkat, Liu, Zhi, Hussain, Zahid, Yang, Wanli
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 08-10-2013; Nature Publishing Group; Nature Pub. Group
• Subjects: 639/301/299/161/891; 639/301/930/527; ENERGY STORAGE; Humanities and Social Sciences; MATERIALS SCIENCE; multidisciplinary; Science; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Science (multidisciplinary)
• ISSN: 2041-1723; 2041-1723
• DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3568

Developing high-performance batteries relies on material breakthroughs. During the past few years, various
in situ
characterization tools have been developed and have become indispensible in studying and the eventual optimization of battery materials. However, soft X-ray spectroscopy, one of the most sensitive probes of electronic states, has been mainly limited to
ex situ
experiments for battery research. Here we achieve
in situ
and
operando
soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy of lithium-ion battery cathodes. Taking advantage of the elemental, chemical and surface sensitivities of soft X-rays, we discover distinct lithium-ion and electron dynamics in Li(Co
1/3
Ni
1/3
Mn
1/3
)O
2
and LiFePO
4
cathodes in polymer electrolytes. The contrast between the two systems and the relaxation effect in LiFePO
4
is attributed to a phase transformation mechanism, and the mesoscale morphology and charge conductivity of the electrodes. These discoveries demonstrate feasibility and power of
in situ
soft X-ray spectroscopy for studying integrated and dynamic effects in batteries.
Soft X-ray spectroscopy is a sensitive probe for electronic states in battery materials but has so far been mainly limited to
ex situ
work. Liu
et al.
develop
in situ
and
operando
soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy, which leads to new findings of charge dynamics of lithium-ion battery cathodes.