Farnesoid X receptor agonist tropifexor attenuates cholestasis in a randomised trial in patients with primary biliary cholangitis

• Published in: JHEP reports Vol. 4; no. 11; p. 100544
• Main Authors: Schramm, Christoph, Wedemeyer, Heiner, Mason, Andrew, Hirschfield, Gideon M., Levy, Cynthia, Kowdley, Kris V., Milkiewicz, Piotr, Janczewska, Ewa, Malova, Elena Sergeevna, Sanni, Johanne, Koo, Phillip, Chen, Jin, Choudhury, Subhajit, Klickstein, Lloyd B., Badman, Michael K., Jones, David
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01-11-2022; Elsevier
• Subjects: Farnesoid X receptor; Primary biliary cholangitis; Proof of concept; Pruritus; Tropifexor; γ-Glutamyl transferase; Farnesoid X receptor; FXR; CL/F,ss; ALP; pBAD; γ-Glutamyl transferase; ALT; Racc; VAS; Pruritus; PRO; Proof of concept; AUC; QoL; PBC; C4; HDL; qd; LDL; ULN; Tropifexor; Cmax; AE; NASH; OCA; PD; GGT; FGF19; SAE; Tmax; Primary biliary cholangitis; OCA, obeticholic acid; VAS, visual analogue scale; GGT, γ-glutamyl transferase; Racc, accumulation ratio; QoL, quality of life; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; Cmax, maximum plasma concentration; FGF19, fibroblast growth factor 19; AUC, area under the concentration–time curve; ULN, upper limit of normal; C4, 7-alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; PRO, patient-reported outcome; qd, once daily; Tmax, time to reach Cmax; pBAD, primary bile acid diarrhoea; SAE, serious adverse event; CL/F,ss, the apparent systemic clearance following oral administration at steady state; AE, adverse event; PD, pharmacodynamic; PBC, primary biliary cholangitis; HDL, high-density lipoprotein
• ISSN: 2589-5559; 2589-5559
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100544

The safety, tolerability, and efficacy of the non-bile acid farnesoid X receptor agonist tropifexor were evaluated in a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled study as potential second-line therapy for patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) with an inadequate ursodeoxycholic acid response.
Patients were randomised (2:1) to receive tropifexor (30, 60, 90, or 150 μg) or matched placebo orally once daily for 28 days, with follow-up on Days 56 and 84. Primary endpoints were safety and tolerability of tropifexor and reduction in levels of γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and other liver biomarkers. Other objectives included patient-reported outcome measures using the PBC-40 quality-of-life (QoL) and visual analogue scale scores and tropifexor pharmacokinetics.
Of 61 enrolled patients, 11, 9, 12, and 8 received 30-, 60-, 90-, and 150-μg tropifexor, respectively, and 21 received placebo; 3 patients discontinued treatment because of adverse events (AEs) in the 150-μg tropifexor group. Pruritus was the most frequent AE in the study (52.5% [tropifexor] vs. 28.6% [placebo]), with most events of mild to moderate severity. Decreases seen in LDL-, HDL-, and total-cholesterol levels at 60-, 90-, and 150 μg doses stabilised after treatment discontinuation. By Day 28, tropifexor caused 26–72% reduction in GGT from baseline at 30- to 150-μg doses (p <0.001 at 60-, 90-, and 150-μg tropifexor vs. placebo). Day 28 QoL scores were comparable between the placebo and tropifexor groups. A dose-dependent increase in plasma tropifexor concentration was observed, with 5- to 5.55-fold increases in AUC0-8h and Cmax between 30- and 150-μg doses.
Tropifexor showed improvement in cholestatic markers relative to placebo, predictable pharmacokinetics, and an acceptable safety–tolerability profile, thereby supporting its potential further clinical development for PBC.
The bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the standard-of-care therapy for primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), but approximately 40% of patients have an inadequate response to this therapy. Tropifexor is a highly potent non-bile acid agonist of the farnesoid X receptor that is under clinical development for various chronic liver diseases. In the current study, in patients with an inadequate response to UDCA, tropifexor was found to be safe and well tolerated, with improved levels of markers of bile duct injury at very low (microgram) doses. Itch of mild to moderate severity was observed in all groups including placebo but was more frequent at the highest tropifexor dose.
This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02516605).
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•Phase II study on the farnesoid X receptor agonist, tropifexor, in patients with primary biliary cholangitis.•Itch of mild to moderate severity was the most frequent adverse event.•Markers of bile duct injury were reduced with tropifexor after 4 weeks of therapy.•Higher tropifexor exposure was observed in patients with PBC than that in healthy volunteers.