Green Oat Story: Possible Mechanisms of Green Color Formation in Oat Products during Cooking

• Published in: Journal of food science Vol. 74; no. 6; pp. S226 - S231
• Main Authors: Doehlert, D.C, Simsek, S, Wise, M.L
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Malden, USA Blackwell Publishing Inc 01-08-2009; Wiley; Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
• Subjects: aleurone layer; alkalinity; Analysis of Variance; Avena; Avena - chemistry; avenanthramide; avenanthramides; bicarbonate; Biological and medical sciences; calcium; cations; Cereal and baking product industries; Chemical compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Color; Colorimetry; Consumer Behavior; Cooking; Cooking - methods; cooking quality; Edible Grain - chemistry; endosperm; extraction; ferrous ion; Flour - analysis; food composition; Food Handling - methods; Food industries; Food science; Food Technology - methods; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydroxybenzoates - analysis; Ions; Iron; Iron - chemistry; leavening agents; magnesium; mechanism of action; Oats; ortho-Aminobenzoates - analysis; ortho-Aminobenzoates - chemical synthesis; ortho-Aminobenzoates - chemistry; ortho-Aminobenzoates - isolation & purification; phenolic acids; phytoalexins; Pigmentation; Plant Extracts - analysis; Seeds - chemistry; sodium bicarbonate; Sodium Bicarbonate - chemistry; Spectrophotometry; tap water; Water - chemistry; well water; ferrous ion; Heat treatment; Oat; Cooking; Color; Avena; Ions; Iron; Mechanism; Cereal; bicarbonate; avenanthramides; Green
• ISSN: 0022-1147; 1750-3841
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01190.x

Consumers occasionally report greenish colors generated in their oat products when cooking in tap water. Here we have investigated pH and ferrous (Fe²⁺) ion as possible mechanisms for this color change. Steel-cut oat groats can turn brown-green color when cooked in alkaline conditions (pHs 9 to 12). Extraction of this color with methanol, and high-pressure liquid chromatography indicated a direct association of this color with the phenolic acid or avenanthramide content of the oat. The presence of 50 mM NaHCO₃ in water will cause oat/water mixtures to turn alkaline when cooked as CO₂ is driven off, generating OH⁻ ion. Although tap water rarely, if ever, contains so much bicarbonate, bicarbonate is used as a leavening agent in baking applications. Industrial interests using baking soda or alkaline conditions during oat processing should be aware of possible off color generation. We have also found that as little as 10 ppm Fe²⁺ will turn oat products gray-green when cooked. The aleurone stained darker than the starchy endosperm. Other divalent cations, such as Ca²⁺ or Mg²⁺ had no effect on cooked oat color. As much as 50 ppm Fe²⁺ may be found in freshly pumped well water, but Fe²⁺ reacts quickly with oxygen and precipitates as Fe(OH)₃. Thus, some freshly pumped well water may turn oats green when cooked, but if the water is left under atmospheric conditions for several hours, no discoloration will appear in the cooked oats.