Temporal variation in climatic factors influences phenotypic diversity of Trochulus land snails

• Published in: Scientific reports Vol. 12; no. 1; p. 12357
• Main Authors: Proćków, Małgorzata, Kuźnik-Kowalska, Elżbieta, Żeromska, Aleksandra, Mackiewicz, Paweł
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 19-07-2022; Nature Publishing Group; Nature Portfolio
• Subjects: 631/158; 631/181; 631/601; Climate change; Environmental changes; Environmental impact; Gastropoda; Genetic diversity; Humanities and Social Sciences; Laboratories; Mollusks; Morphometry; multidisciplinary; Offspring; Phenotypic plasticity; Phenotypic variations; Science; Science (multidisciplinary); Temporal variations; Umbilicus
• ISSN: 2045-2322; 2045-2322
• DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16638-w

Organisms with limited dispersal capabilities should show phenotypic plasticity in situ to keep pace with environmental changes. Therefore, to study the influence of environmental variation on the phenotypic diversity, we chose land snails,
Trochulus hispidus
and
T. sericeus
, characterized by high population variability. We performed long-term field studies as well as laboratory and common garden experiments, which revealed that temporal environmental changes generate visible variation in shell size and shape of these snails. Many shell measurements of
T. hispidus
varied significantly with temperature and humidity in individual years. According to this, the first generation of
T. hispidus
, bred in controlled laboratory conditions, became significantly different in higher spire and narrower umbilicus from its wild parents. Interestingly, offspring produced by this generation and transplanted to wild conditions returned to the ‘wild’ flat and wide-umbilicated shell shape. Moreover, initially different species
T. hispidus
and
T. sericeus
transferred into common environment conditions revealed rapid and convergent shell modifications within one generation. Such morphological flexibility and high genetic variation can be evolutionarily favored, when the environment is heterogeneous in time. The impact of climate change on the shell morphometry can lead to incorrect taxonomic classification or delimitation of artificial taxa in land snails. These findings have also important implications in the context of changing climate and environment.