Normative values of spino-pelvic sagittal alignment, balance, age, and health-related quality of life in a cohort of healthy adult subjects

• Published in: European spine journal Vol. 25; no. 11; pp. 3675 - 3686
• Main Authors: Hasegawa, Kazuhiro, Okamoto, Masashi, Hatsushikano, Shun, Shimoda, Haruka, Ono, Masatoshi, Watanabe, Kei
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01-11-2016; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Status Indicators; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Lower Extremity - anatomy & histology; Lower Extremity - diagnostic imaging; Lower Extremity - physiology; Male; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Middle Aged; Neurosurgery; Original Article; Pelvic Bones - anatomy & histology; Pelvic Bones - diagnostic imaging; Pelvic Bones - physiology; Posture; Prospective Studies; Quality of Life; Radiography; Reference Values; Regression Analysis; Spine - anatomy & histology; Spine - diagnostic imaging; Spine - physiology; Surgical Orthopedics; Young Adult; HRQOL; Standing balance; ODI; Whole body sagittal alignment; Slot-scanning X-ray imager
• ISSN: 0940-6719; 1432-0932
• DOI: 10.1007/s00586-016-4702-2

Purpose
To elucidate the normative values of whole body sagittal alignment and balance of a healthy population in the standing position; and to clarify the relationship among the alignment, balance, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and age.
Methods
Healthy Japanese adult volunteers [
n
 = 126, mean age 39.4 years (20–69), M/F = 30/96] with no history of spinal disease were enrolled in a cross-sectional cohort study. The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) questionnaire was administered and subjects were scanned from the center of the acoustic meati (CAM) to the feet while standing on a force plate to determine the gravity line (GL), and the distance between CAM and GL (CAM–GL) was measured in the sagittal plane. Standard X-ray parameters were measured from the head to the lower extremities. ODI was compared among age groups stratified by decade. Correlations were investigated by simple linear regression analysis. Ideal lumbar lordosis was investigated using the least squares method.
Results
The present study yielded normative values for whole standing sagittal alignment including head and lower extremities in a cohort of 126 healthy adult volunteers, comparable to previous reports and thus a formula for ideal lumbar lordosis was deduced: LL = 32.9 + 0.60 × PI − 0.23 × age. There was a tendency of positive correlation between McGregor slope, thoracic kyphosis, PT, and age. SVA, T1 pelvic angle, sacrofemoral angle, knee flexion angle, and ankle flexion angle, but not CAM–GL, increased with age, suggesting that the spinopelvic alignment changes with age, but standing whole body alignment is compensated for to preserve a horizontal gaze. ODI tended to increase from the 40s in the domain of pain intensity, personal care, traveling, and total score. ODI weakly, but significantly positively correlated with age and PI–LL.
Conclusion
Whole body standing alignment even in healthy subjects gradually deteriorates with age, but is compensated to preserve a horizontal gaze. HRQOL is also affected by aging and spinopelvic malalignment.