An evaluation of semi-quantitative test strips for the measurement of nitrate in drinking water in epidemiologic studies

• Published in: Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology Vol. 18; no. 2; pp. 142 - 148
• Main Authors: Nielsen, Susan Searles, Mueller, Beth A, Kuehn, Carrie M
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Nature Publishing Group US 01-03-2008; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: Assaying; Chemical properties; Contaminants; Correlation coefficient; Correlation coefficients; Drinking; Drinking water; Environmental Monitoring - instrumentation; Environmental Monitoring - methods; Epidemiologic Methods; Epidemiological Monitoring; Epidemiology; Groundwater; Health aspects; Humans; Laboratories; Laboratory tests; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Nitrates; Nitrates - analysis; Nitrite test; Nitrites; Nitrites - analysis; Nitrogen; Pilot Projects; Reagent Strips - standards; Registries; Reproducibility of Results; Residence Characteristics; Sensitivity and Specificity; Strip; Surface water; Testing; Washington; Water analysis; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis; Water sampling; Water Supply - analysis; Washington; USA, Washington; exposure assessment; nitrite; epidemiologic methods; nitrate; dipsticks
• ISSN: 1559-0631; 1559-064X
• DOI: 10.1038/sj.jes.7500563

Consumption of nitrate and nitrite is associated with a variety of health outcomes. Commercially available test strips that allow semi-quantitative estimation of these contaminants in drinking water are inexpensive relative to laboratory testing, and are simple to use. To examine the accuracy of a nitrate/nitrite test strip, we recruited Washington State residents to estimate levels of these contaminants in their tap water using these strips, and simultaneously provide a tap water sample for laboratory analysis. Paired results were available from 102 homes. On the basis of laboratory assay, nitrate levels as nitrogen ranged from no nitrate (27%) to 40.5 mg/l (median 0.4 mg/l). Spearman's correlation coefficient between test strip- and laboratory-measured nitrate indicated moderate precision overall (
r
=0.72). Correlation was similar for homes inside and outside city/town limits, but differed by primary source of water for the purveyor indicated by residents (
r
=0.72 for groundwater and
r
=0.34 for surface water). Seven (7%) participants reported difficulty in distinguishing colors (contaminant levels) when using the test strip; and among the samples with nitrate, the laboratory assay indicated higher nitrate levels than the test strip for 81%. Nitrite was not detected by laboratory assay; in comparison, five (5%) subjects reported any nitrite according to the test strip. Nitrate/nitrite test strips may be useful in some epidemiologic studies, but should be used with caution, preferably as a screening tool or when laboratory assays are not feasible.