Macrophage reprogramming for therapy

• Published in: Immunology Vol. 163; no. 2; pp. 128 - 144
• Main Authors: Bart, Valentina M. T., Pickering, Robert J., Taylor, Philip R., Ipseiz, Natacha
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01-06-2021; John Wiley and Sons Inc
• Subjects: Animals; Autoimmune diseases; Autoimmune Diseases - immunology; Autoimmune Diseases - therapy; Autoimmunity; Cell Differentiation; Cellular Reprogramming; Disease; Disease control; Disorders; Homeostasis; Humans; Immune system; Immunomodulation; Immunotherapy - trends; Lymphocytes; Lymphocytes T; Macrophages; Macrophages - immunology; Metabolic Diseases - immunology; Metabolic Diseases - therapy; Metabolic disorders; Neoplasms - immunology; Neoplasms - therapy; Neurodegeneration; Neurodegenerative Diseases - immunology; Neurodegenerative Diseases - therapy; Pathogenesis; polarization; reprogramming; Review; Reviews; reprogramming; macrophages; polarization
• ISSN: 0019-2805; 1365-2567
• DOI: 10.1111/imm.13300

Summary
Dysfunction of the immune system underlies a plethora of human diseases, requiring the development of immunomodulatory therapeutic intervention. To date, most strategies employed have been focusing on the modification of T lymphocytes, and although remarkable improvement has been obtained, results often fall short of the intended outcome. Recent cutting‐edge technologies have highlighted macrophages as potential targets for disease control. Macrophages play central roles in development, homeostasis and host defence, and their dysfunction and dysregulation have been implicated in the onset and pathogenesis of multiple disorders including cancer, neurodegeneration, autoimmunity and metabolic diseases. Recent advancements have led to a greater understanding of macrophage origin, diversity and function, in both health and disease. Over the last few years, a variety of strategies targeting macrophages have been developed and these open new therapeutic opportunities. Here, we review the progress in macrophage reprogramming in various disorders and discuss the potential implications and challenges for macrophage‐targeted approaches in human disease.
Macrophages play roles at the heart of normal tissue physiology and in many diseases and show impressive capacity to adapt to their environment. Strategies to reprogramme macrophages represent new treatment options to be explored and exploited.