Knock, knock, knocking on Europe’s door: Threat of leishmaniasis in Europe with a focus on Turkey

• Published in: Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases Vol. 4; p. 100150
• Main Authors: Tunalı, Varol, Özbilgin, Ahmet
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier B.V 01-01-2023; Elsevier
• Subjects: Climate change; Epidemiology; Europe; Leishmaniasis; Public health; Rapid Review; Turkey; Vector-borne diseases; Vector-borne diseases; Climate change; Turkey; Europe; Leishmaniasis; Epidemiology; Public health
• ISSN: 2667-114X; 2667-114X
• DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100150

Leishmaniasis epidemiology is currently undergoing substantial transformations in both Turkey and Europe, signifying potential implications for public health. This review analyzes the evolving patterns within Turkey and their potential ramifications for Europe. Within Turkey, the dynamics of leishmaniasis are undergoing noteworthy alterations, manifesting in a rise in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases and the emergence of Leishmania major and Leishmania donovani. These transformations are predominantly driven by factors such as the distribution of vectors, human activities, climate fluctuations, and migration. Across Europe, particularly in countries within the Mediterranean basin, leishmaniasis is endemic, primarily attributed to Leishmania infantum. Recent evidence suggests a resurgence of the disease even in previously non-endemic areas, propelled by climate change, urbanization, and migration. The changing landscape of leishmaniasis in Turkey carries direct implications for Europe. The presence and distribution of Leishmania tropica, L. major, and L. donovani raise concerns regarding cross-border transmission. Turkeyʼs strategic position along migration routes further compounds the risk, alongside the facilitative effects of climate change and host mobility. Embracing a One Health approach with public awareness campaigns should be a priority. To ensure the protection of public health in Europe, it is imperative to adopt a proactive approach by establishing robust surveillance mechanisms, implementing preventive measures, and cultivating collaboration with Turkey. The invaluable experience, strategic geographical location, and well-established infrastructure of Turkey make this collaboration crucial in effectively addressing the evolving dynamics of leishmaniasis and its potential impacts on Europe.
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•Leishmaniasis epidemiology in Turkey shifted significantly with the emergence of Leishmania tropica and L. donovani.•Concern of leishmaniasis transmission in European Mediterranean countries that have suitable vector populations.•Climate change, reservoir movements (especially dogs), and Turkeyʼs location determine the potential impact on Europe.•Europe requires enhanced surveillance, preparedness efforts, and effective prevention and control strategies.•Heightened surveillance, improved diagnostics, and collaboration with neighboring countries are crucial.