Primary and secondary use of electric mobility batteries from a life cycle perspective

• Published in: Journal of power sources Vol. 262; pp. 169 - 177
• Main Authors: FARIA, Ricardo, MARQUES, Pedro, GARCIA, Rita, MOURA, Pedro, FREIRE, Fausto, DELGADO, Joaquim, DE ALMEIDA, Aníbal T
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Amsterdam Elsevier 15-09-2014
• Subjects: Applied sciences; Direct energy conversion and energy accumulation; Electric batteries; Electric vehicles; Electrical engineering. Electrical power engineering; Electrical power engineering; Electricity; Electrochemical conversion: primary and secondary batteries, fuel cells; Energy storage; Environmental impact; Exact sciences and technology; Households; Life cycle engineering; Storage batteries; Lithium ion batteries; Ecobalance; Use; Environmental impacts; Secondary cell; Electric vehicle; Electric batteries; Sustainable development; Battery electric vehicles; Life-cycle assessment; Stationary energy storage; Lithium-ion batteries; Lifetime; Environment impact; Energy storage
• ISSN: 0378-7753; 1873-2755
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.03.092

With age and cycling, batteries used in Electric Vehicles (EVs) will reach a point in which they will no longer be suitable for electric mobility; however, they still can be used in stationary energy storage. This article aims at assessing the Life-Cycle (LC) environmental impacts associated with the use of a battery in an EV and secondly, at assessing the LC environmental impacts/benefits of using a battery, no longer suitable for electric mobility, for energy storage in a household. Three electricity mixes with different shares of renewable, nuclear and fossil energy sources are considered. For the primary battery use, three in-vehicle use scenarios are assessed, addressing three different driving profiles. For the secondary use, two scenarios of energy storage strategies are analyzed: peak shaving and load shifting. Results show that a light use of the battery in the EV has 42-50% less impacts per km than an intensive use. After its use in the vehicle, the battery life can be extended by 1.8-3.3 years; however, this is not always beneficial from an environmental point of view, since the impacts are strongly dependent on the electricity generation mix and on the additional efficiency losses in the battery.