Nausea still the poor relation in antiemetic therapy? The impact on cancer patients’ quality of life and psychological adjustment of nausea, vomiting and appetite loss, individually and concurrently as part of a symptom cluster

• Published in: Supportive care in cancer Vol. 21; no. 3; pp. 735 - 748
• Main Authors: Pirri, Carlo, Bayliss, Evan, Trotter, James, Olver, Ian N., Katris, Paul, Drummond, Peter, Bennett, Robert
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer-Verlag 01-03-2013; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Analysis; Antiemetics - pharmacology; Antiemetics - therapeutic use; Antineoplastic Agents - adverse effects; Antineoplastic Agents - therapeutic use; Appetite - drug effects; Cancer; Cancer patients; Cancer therapies; Care and treatment; Chemotherapy; Evidence-Based Medicine; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Female; Humans; Incidence; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Middle Aged; Nausea; Nausea - chemically induced; Nausea - prevention & control; Nausea - psychology; Neoplasms - drug therapy; Nursing; Nursing Research; Oncology; Original Article; Pain Medicine; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Psychological aspects; Quality of Life; Rehabilitation Medicine; Side effects; Time Factors; Vomiting; Vomiting - chemically induced; Vomiting - prevention & control; Vomiting - psychology; Young Adult; Psychological; Chemotherapy; Anorexia; Vomiting; Symptom cluster; Surgery; Nausea; Non-pharmacological; Radiotherapy; Cancer; Quality of life
• ISSN: 0941-4355; 1433-7339
• DOI: 10.1007/s00520-012-1574-9

Purpose
Despite significant antiemetic advances, almost 50 % of treated cancer patients still experience nausea and vomiting (N&V). The goal of antiemetic therapy—complete prevention of treatment-induced nausea and/or vomiting (TIN+/−V)—remains elusive for several reasons. Potentially, N&V may be part of a symptom cluster where co-occurring symptoms negatively affect antiemetic management. Consequently, we examined TIN+/−V incidence and the impact of nausea, vomiting and symptom cluster(s) containing them, respectively, on patients’ quality of life (QoL) and psychological adjustment across treatment.
Methods
A longitudinal secondary analysis was performed on data from a prospective, observational QoL study involving 200 newly diagnosed cancer patients who underwent combined modality treatment. QoL, psychological adjustment and patient/clinical characteristics were examined at pretreatment, on-treatment (8 weeks) and post-treatment.
Results
Overall, 62 % of patients experienced TIN+/−V, with TIN (60 %) doubling TIV incidence (27 %). Exploratory factor analyses of QoL scores at each treatment time point identified a recurrent gastrointestinal symptom cluster comprising nausea, vomiting and appetite loss. Approximately two thirds of patients reported co-occurrence of all three symptoms, which exerted synergistic effects of multiplicative proportions on overall QoL. Patients who reported co-occurrence of these symptoms during treatment experienced significantly greater QoL impairment (physical, role and social functioning, fatigue, N&V, appetite loss, overall physical health, overall QOL) and psychological distress (cancer distress, premorbid neuroticism) than those unaffected (0.001 > 
p
 ≤ 0.05). Moreover, nausea was more pervasive than vomiting or appetite loss across treatment and had a greater impact on overall QoL. While antiemetic therapy was effective for vomiting and helped prevent/relieve associated appetite loss, the benefits for appetite loss were seemingly constrained by its failure to exert adequate control over nausea in many patients.
Conclusions
TIN+/−V still represents a very major concern for patients. Uncontrolled TIN+/−V often results in significant appetite and weight loss, leading to increased risk for malnutrition. Malnutrition and weight loss, in turn, are associated with poorer prognosis, treatment tolerance and response, performance status, QoL and survival. Consequently, a multiple symptom intervention approach focusing on N&V as core symptoms is recommended. Clinicians should genuinely consider combining essential antiemetic therapies with other evidence-based pharmacological (e.g. nausea: psychotropics, such as olanzapine) and non-pharmacological approaches (e.g. N&V: relaxation) in attempts to not only improve prevention and control of N&V for their patients, but also reduce the synergistic impact of cluster symptoms (e.g. N&V, appetite loss) as a whole and resultant QoL impairment likewise. Where associated symptoms are not adequately controlled by these antiemetic-based interventions, targeted evidence-based strategies should be supplemented.