Role of the Gut-Brain Axis, Gut Microbial Composition, Diet, and Probiotic Intervention in Parkinson's Disease

• Published in: Microorganisms (Basel) Vol. 10; no. 8; p. 1544
• Main Authors: Thangaleela, Subramanian, Sivamaruthi, Bhagavathi Sundaram, Kesika, Periyanaina, Bharathi, Muruganantham, Chaiyasut, Chaiyavat
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 29-07-2022; MDPI
• Subjects: Access control; Age; Alzheimer's disease; Blood-brain barrier; Breastfeeding & lactation; Care and treatment; Central nervous system; Clinical trials; Complications and side effects; Cytokines; Development and progression; Diet; Dietary supplements; Digestive system; Dysbacteriosis; Dysbiosis; Enteric nervous system; Gastrointestinal tract; Gene expression; gut microbiota; gut–brain axis; Health aspects; Immune system; Immunology; Inflammation; Influence; Intestinal microflora; Intestine; Mental disorders; Metabolism; Metabolites; Microbiota; Microbiota (Symbiotic organisms); Microorganisms; Movement disorders; Nervous system; Neurodegenerative diseases; Neurological research; Parkinson's disease; Pathogenesis; Pathogens; Permeability; Physiology; Probiotics; Review; Signs and symptoms; Vagina; Thailand; neurodegenerative diseases; gut–brain axis; inflammation; Parkinson’s disease; gut microbiota; central nervous system; probiotics
• ISSN: 2076-2607; 2076-2607
• DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081544

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-most prevalent neurodegenerative or neuropsychiatric disease, affecting 1% of seniors worldwide. The gut microbiota (GM) is one of the key access controls for most diseases and disorders. Disturbance in the GM creates an imbalance in the function and circulation of metabolites, resulting in unhealthy conditions. Any dysbiosis could affect the function of the gut, consequently disturbing the equilibrium in the intestine, and provoking pro-inflammatory conditions in the gut lumen, which send signals to the central nervous system (CNS) through the vagus enteric nervous system, possibly disturbing the blood-brain barrier. The neuroinflammatory conditions in the brain cause accumulation of α-syn, and progressively develop PD. An important aspect of understanding and treating the disease is access to broad knowledge about the influence of dietary supplements on GM. Probiotics are live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Probiotic supplementation improves the function of the CNS, and improves the motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. Probiotic supplementation could be an adjuvant therapeutic method to manage PD. This review summarizes the role of GM in health, the GM-brain axis, the pathogenesis of PD, the role of GM and diet in PD, and the influence of probiotic supplementation on PD. The study encourages further detailed clinical trials in PD patients with probiotics, which aids in determining the involvement of GM, intestinal mediators, and neurological mediators in the treatment or management of PD.