Illuminating Firefly Diversity: Trends, Threats and Conservation Strategies

• Published in: Insects (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 15; no. 1; p. 71
• Main Authors: Lewis, Sara M, Jusoh, Wan F A, Walker, Anna C, Fallon, Candace E, Joyce, Richard, Yiu, Vor
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 01-01-2024
• Subjects: Aquatic insects; Assessments; Beetles; Biodiversity; Biological diversity; Biological diversity conservation; Bioluminescence; citizen science; Climate change; Coleoptera; Conservation; Conservation status; Courtship; Drought; Endangered & extinct species; Environmental protection; Environmental restoration; Evolutionary conservation; Extinction; Females; Fireflies; Forecasts and trends; Geography; Habitat loss; Habitats; Insect control; Insecticides; Insects; International organizations; IUCN Red List; Lampyridae; Life cycles; Light pollution; Light sources; Mass extinctions; Methods; Mosquitoes; Pest control; Pesticides; Photodegradation; Phylogenetics; Population decline; Reviews; Risk factors; Sea level rise; Species extinction; Surveys; Taxonomy; Threatened species; Tourism; Trends; Wildlife conservation; United States; Switzerland; China; Brazil; Mexico; Southeast Asia; Malaysia; Atlantic Forest; Selangor Malaysia; light pollution; biodiversity; Coleoptera; IUCN Red List; pesticides; Lampyridae; beetles; citizen science; tourism; insects
• ISSN: 2075-4450; 2075-4450
• DOI: 10.3390/insects15010071

Fireflies are a diverse group of bioluminescent beetles belonging to the family Lampyridae. Recent research on their diversity, evolution, behavior and conservation has greatly advanced our scientific understanding of these charismatic insects. In this review, we first summarize new discoveries about their taxonomic and ecological diversity, then focus on recent endeavors to identify and protect threatened fireflies around the world. We outline the main threats linked to recent population declines (habitat loss and degradation, light pollution, pesticide overuse, climate change and tourism) and describe relevant risk factors that predict which species will be particularly vulnerable to these threats. Although global coordination of firefly conservation efforts has begun only recently, considerable progress has already been made. We describe work by the IUCN SSC Firefly Specialist Group to identify species currently facing elevated extinction risks and to devise conservation strategies to protect them. To date, IUCN Red List assessments have been completed for 150 firefly taxa, about 20% of which face heightened extinction risks. The conservation status for many species has yet to be determined due to insufficient information, although targeted surveys and community science projects have contributed valuable new data. Finally, we highlight some examples of successful firefly habitat protection and restoration efforts, and we use the framework of the IUCN SSC Species Conservation Cycle to point out high-priority actions for future firefly conservation efforts.