Formation and speciation of nine haloacetamides, an emerging class of nitrogenous DBPs, during chlorination or chloramination

• Published in: Journal of hazardous materials Vol. 260; pp. 806 - 812
• Main Authors: Chu, Wenhai, Gao, Naiyun, Yin, Daqiang, Krasner, Stuart W.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Kidlington Elsevier B.V 15-09-2013; Elsevier
• Subjects: Acetamides - chemistry; Applied sciences; Atmospheric pollution; Bromides; Bromides - chemistry; Bromine; Byproducts; Carbon; China; Chlor(am)ination; Chloramines - chemistry; Chlorination; Chlorine - chemistry; Disinfectants - chemistry; Disinfection - methods; Dissolution; Drinking water; Drinking water and swimming-pool water. Desalination; Exact sciences and technology; Formations; Halogenation; Integrated formation; Nine haloacetamides; Nitrogen - chemistry; Nitrogenous disinfection by-products; Pollution; Pressure; Speciation; Temperature; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis; Water Pollutants, Chemical - chemistry; Water Purification - methods; Water Supply; Water treatment and pollution; China; Drinking water; HAcAms; DBCAcAm; DBAcAm; SPE; APCI; SRM; BAcAm; Chlor(am)ination; BUF; tqMS; DCAcAm; DOC; Integrated formation; TCAcAm; Br-HAcAms; THMs; BIF; HPLC; Cl-HAcAms; CAcAm; Speciation; BCAcAm; NAs; DON; TBAcAm; Nitrogenous disinfection by-products; FPs; WTPs; HAAs; HNMs; NOM; Nine haloacetamides; SUVA254; Cl-Br-HAcAms; N-DBPs; NBIF; BDCAcAm; HAcAm9; HANs; Drinking water treatment; Chlorination; Chlorine; Pollutant behavior; Disinfection; Secondary pollutant; Nitrogen; Indicator; Dissolved organic carbon; DBP; Health and environment; Trend analysis; Air pollution; Public health; Anthropogenic factor; haloacetamides; triple quadrupole mass spectrometry; specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254nm; dibromochloroacetamide; bromochloroacetamide; atmospheric pressure chemical ionization; bromine incorporation factor; dichloroacetamide; formation potentials; trichloroacetamide; 9 haloacetamides; SUVA; haloacetonitriles; selective reaction monitoring; nitrosamines; bromine utilization factors; solid-phase extraction; bromodichloroacetamide; dissolved organic nitrogen; halonitromethanes; bromoacetamide; chloroacetamide; water treatment plants; haloacetic acids; bromine-containing HAcAms; nitrogenous DBPs; chlorine- and bromine-containing HAcAms; tribromoacetamide; chlorine-containing HAcAms; high performance liquid chromatography; trihalomethanes; natural organic matter; dibromoacetamide; dissolved organic carbon; normalized BIF
• ISSN: 0304-3894; 1873-3336
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.06.044

•Formation of haloacetamides function of DON/DOC, SUVA254 and bromide.•DON/DOC may act as an indicator of HAcAm yields during chlorination.•More formation during chloramination in low-SUVA waters with no bromide.•More formation of dihalogenated species than tri- or mono-halogenated species.•Bromine incorporation increased with increasing bromide with either disinfectant.
Haloacetamides (HAcAms) are an emerging class of nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) of health concern. However, there are very limited data on the formation and speciation of the nine bromine- and chlorine-containing haloacetamides (HAcAm9). In the study, their formation and speciation during chlor(am)ination were investigated for a group of waters with a range of specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254nm (SUVA254), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and bromide levels. The waters that were the least impacted by anthropogenic pollution had the lowest DON levels, the highest ratios of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to DON, and exhibited the least HAcAm9 formation. DON/DOC may act as an indicator of HAcAm yields during chlorination. HAcAm9 exhibited more formation during chloramination in the low-SUVA waters with no bromide, relative to high-SUVA waters with bromide. The selected waters all formed primarily dihalogenated (di-) HAcAms, followed by trihalogenated (tri-) species and, to a much lesser extent, monohalogenated (mono-) HAcAms. Di-HAcAm formation had similar trends as that of HAcAm9; whereas chloramination formed more mono- and less tri-HAcAms than chlorination. Bromine utilization factors and bromine incorporation factor increased with decreasing and increasing bromide during either chlorination or chloramination, and bromine was easier to incorporate into tri-HAcAms during chloramination than chlorination.