Demographic, diagnostic and therapeutic characteristics of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in Ghana

• Published in: BMC nephrology Vol. 22; no. 1; p. 156
• Main Authors: Okyere, Perditer, Ephraim, Richard K D, Okyere, Isaac, Attakorah, Joseph, Serwaa, Dorcas, Essuman, Grace, Abaka-Yawson, Albert, Adoba, Prince
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England BioMed Central 28-04-2021; BMC
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Age of Onset; Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease; Biochemical derangements; Biomarkers - blood; Biomarkers - urine; Blood; Calcium carbonate; Chronic kidney disease; Clinical features; Comorbidity; Conservative Treatment; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cysts; Demographic characteristics; Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent); Epidermal growth factor receptors; Family medical history; Female; Folic acid; Ghana - epidemiology; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Hematuria; Hemoglobin; High density lipoprotein; Humans; Hypertension; Kidney - diagnostic imaging; Kidney diseases; Male; Metformin; Methyldopa; Middle Aged; Nephrology; Pain; Patients; Polycystic kidney; Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant - complications; Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant - diagnosis; Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant - epidemiology; Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant - therapy; Potassium; Proteinuria; Retrospective Studies; Sociodemographic Factors; Therapeutic applications; Ultrasonic imaging; Ultrasonography; Uremia; Urinary tract; Urine; Young Adult; Ghana; Demographic characteristics; Biochemical derangements; Clinical features; Chronic kidney disease; Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
• ISSN: 1471-2369; 1471-2369
• DOI: 10.1186/s12882-021-02336-8

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is the commonest of the hereditary kidney diseases and mostly ensues in utero with signs delayed until after several decades. This study assessed the demographic, diagnostic (clinical and biochemical features) and therapeutic patterns among ADPKD patients who attended the nephrology unit of Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) from 2007 to 2018.
This cross-sectional retrospective analysis of ADPKD patient records was conducted at the nephrology unit of KATH in October 2020. The records of 82 ADPKD was used for this study. Demographic, clinical, biochemical, ultrasonographic and therapeutic data was obtained, organized and analyzed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).
ADPKD was most prevalent in people within the ages of 31-40 years (25.6 %), with a male (52.4 %) preponderance. The most common clinical features presented were flank pain (30.5 %) and bipedal swelling (18.3 %). Hypertension (42.7 %), urinary tract infections (UTIs) (19.5 %), and anemia (13.4 %) were the most common complications reported. Average level of HDL-c was higher in females (1.7) than in males (1.2) (p = 0.001). Hematuria (34 %) and proteinuria (66 %) were among the biochemical derangements presented. About 81.7 % had CKD at diagnosis with the majority in stages 1 (27.0 %), 3(23.2 %) and 5 (20.3 %). Poor corticomedullary differentiation was observed in 90.2 % of participants and increased echogenicity was observed in 89.0 % of the participants. Estimated GFR (eGFR) correlated positively with echotexture (r = 0.320, p = 0.005) and negatively with CMD (r= -0.303, p = 0.008). About 95.1 % of patients were on conservative therapy including: 73.2 %, 52.4 %, 22.0 %, 13.4 %, 8.5 % on Irebesartan/Lisinopril, Nifecard XL, Hydralazine, Methyldopa and Bisoprolol respectively for hypertension; 26.8 and 3.7 % on Gliclazide and Metformin respectively for Type 2 diabetes mellitus; 25.6 %, 24.4 and 18.3 % on CaCO
, fersolate and folic acid respectively as nutrient supplements with 4.9 % of participants on renal replacement therapy (RRT).
ADPKD occurs in people aged ≥ 31 years with a higher male preponderance. Clinical features include flank and abdominal pain, bipedal swelling, headache, amongst others. Uremia, hematuria, proteinuria, decreased eGFR, were the common biochemical derangements reported with higher severity detected in men. The therapeutic interventions mostly involved conservative therapy to manage symptoms and other comorbid conditions and rarely renal replacement therapy (RRT).