Viability and Desiccation Resistance of Bartonella henselae in Biological and Non-Biological Fluids: Evidence for Pathogen Environmental Stability

• Published in: Pathogens (Basel) Vol. 12; no. 7; p. 950
• Main Authors: Bush, Janice C, Maggi, Ricardo G, Breitschwerdt, Edward B
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 18-07-2023; MDPI
• Subjects: alphaproteobacteria; Animals; Antibodies; Bacteria; Bartonella; Bartonella henselae; Biofilms; Blood; Blood & organ donations; Cat scratch disease; Cats; Cognition; Cow's milk; Desiccation; Disease; Endocarditis; Fluids; Infections; Inoculation; intracellular; Marine mammals; Medical importance; Milk; Pathogens; Stability; vector-borne; Vectors (Biology); Viability; Zoonoses; zoonotic; United States > US; desiccation; Bartonella; environment; vector-borne; alphaproteobacteria; intracellular; zoonotic
• ISSN: 2076-0817; 2076-0817
• DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070950

Pathogen environmental stability is an often-neglected research priority for pathogens that are known to be vector-transmitted.
, the etiologic agent of Cat Scratch Disease, has become a "pathogen of interest" in several serious human illnesses, which include neoplastic, cardiovascular, neurocognitive, and rheumatologic conditions. Survival in the flea gut and feces as well as the association with a biofilm in culture-negative endocarditis provides insight into this organism's ability to adjust to environmental extremes. The detection of
DNA in blood and tissues from marine mammals also raises questions about environmental stability and modes of pathogen transmission. We investigated the ability of
to survive in fluid matrices chosen to mimic potential environmental sources of infective materials. Feline whole blood, serum and urine, bovine milk, and physiologic saline inoculated with a laboratory strain of
San Antonio 2 were subsequently evaluated by culture and qPCR at specified time intervals. Bacterial viability was also assessed following desiccation and reconstitution of each inoculated fluid matrix.
SA2 was cultured from feline urine up to 24 h after inoculation, and from blood, serum, cow's milk, and physiologic saline for up to 7 days after inoculation. Of potential medical importance, bacteria were cultured following air-desiccation of all fluid inoculates. The viability and stability of
within biological and non-biological fluids in the environment may represent a previously unrecognized source of infection for animals and human beings.