Antidiarrheal and Antibacterial Activities of Monterey Cypress Phytochemicals: In Vivo and In Vitro Approach

• Published in: Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 27; no. 2; p. 346
• Main Authors: Elmongy, Elshaymaa I, Negm, Walaa A, Elekhnawy, Engy, El-Masry, Thanaa A, Attallah, Nashwah G M, Altwaijry, Najla, Batiha, Gaber El-Saber, El-Sherbeni, Suzy A
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 06-01-2022; MDPI
• Subjects: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology; Antibacterial activity; Antibiotics; Antidiarrheals - pharmacology; Antimicrobial activity; Bacteria; Bacterial infections; Biofilms; Castor oil; Castor Oil - toxicity; Cathartics - toxicity; Chromatography; Clinical isolates; Cupressus - chemistry; Cupressus macrocarpa; Defecation; Depolarization; Diarrhea; Diarrhea - chemically induced; Diarrhea - drug therapy; Diarrhea - pathology; Efflux; ERIC-PCR; Flow cytometry; Gastric motility; Gastrointestinal diseases; Gastrointestinal Motility; Gastrointestinal system; Gastrointestinal tract; Glucose; In Vitro Techniques; In vivo methods and tests; Infections; LC-MS/MS; Male; Mass spectrometry; Membrane permeability; Membranes; Metabolites; Mice; permeability; Phytochemicals; Phytochemicals - pharmacology; Plant Extracts - pharmacology; qRT-PCR; Salmonella; Salmonella enterica; Salmonella enterica - drug effects; Scanning electron microscopy; Scientific imaging; LC-MS/MS; flow cytometry; Cupressus macrocarpa; ERIC-PCR; permeability; qRT-PCR
• ISSN: 1420-3049; 1420-3049
• DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020346

Monterey cypress (
) is a decorative plant; however, it possesses various pharmacological activities. Therefore, we explored the phytochemical profile of
root methanol extract (CRME) for the first time. Moreover, we investigated its antidiarrheal (in vivo), antibacterial, and antibiofilm (in vitro) activities against
clinical isolates. The LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of CRME detected the presence of 39 compounds, besides isolation of 2,3,2″,3″-tetrahydro-4'-
-methyl amentoflavone, amentoflavone, and dihydrokaempferol-3-
-α-l-rhamnoside for the first time. Dihydrokaempferol-3-
-α-l-rhamnoside presented the highest antimicrobial activity and the range of values of MICs against
isolates was from 64 to 256 µg/mL. The antidiarrheal activity of CRME was investigated by induction of diarrhea using castor oil, and exhibited a significant reduction in diarrhea and defecation frequency at all doses, enteropooling (at 400 mg/kg), and gastrointestinal motility (at 200, 400 mg/kg) in mice. The antidiarrheal index of CRME increased in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of CRME on various membrane characters of
was studied after typing the isolates by ERIC-PCR. Its impact on efflux and its antibiofilm activity were inspected. The biofilm morphology was observed using light and scanning electron microscopes. The effect on efflux activity and biofilm formation was further elucidated using qRT-PCR. A significant increase in inner and outer membrane permeability and a significant decrease in integrity and depolarization (using flow cytometry) were detected with variable percentages. Furthermore, a significant reduction in efflux and biofilm formation was observed. Therefore, CRME could be a promising source for treatment of gastrointestinal tract diseases.