Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Wolffia arrhiza and comparative genomic analysis with relative Wolffia species

• Published in: Scientific reports Vol. 14; no. 1; p. 5873
• Main Authors: Park, Halim, Park, Jin Hwa, Kang, Yang Jae
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 11-03-2024; Nature Publishing Group; Nature Portfolio
• Subjects: 631/181; 631/208; Angiosperms; Aquatic plants; Araceae; Araceae - genetics; Chloroplasts; Comparative analysis; Floating plants; Genome, Chloroplast - genetics; Genomes; Genomic analysis; Genomics; Humanities and Social Sciences; Inverted repeat; Lemnoideae; Morphology; multidisciplinary; Nucleotide sequence; Phylogenetics; Phylogeny; rRNA; Science; Science (multidisciplinary); Sibling species; Simple sequence repeats; tRNA; Wolffia; Wolffia arrhiza
• ISSN: 2045-2322; 2045-2322
• DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56394-7

Lemnoideae, commonly referred to as the duckweed, are aquatic plants found worldwide.
Wolffia
species are known for their extreme reduction in size and complexity, lacking both roots and leaves, and they hold the distinction of being the smallest plants among angiosperms. Interestingly, it belongs to the Araceae family, despite its apparent morphological differences from land plants in the same family. Traditional morphological methods have limitations in classifying these plants, making molecular-level information essential. The chloroplast genome of
Wolffia arrhiza
is revealed that a total length of 169,602 bp and a total GC content of 35.78%. It follows the typical quadripartite structure, which includes a large single copy (LSC, 92,172 bp) region, a small single copy (SSC, 13,686 bp) region, and a pair of inverted repeat (IR, 31,872 bp each) regions. There are 131 genes characterized, comprising 86 Protein-Coding Genes, 37 Transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 8 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Moreover, 48 simple sequence repeats and 32 long repeat sequences were detected. Comparative analysis between
W. arrhiza
and six other Lemnoideae species identified 12 hotspots of high nucleotide diversity. In addition, a phylogenetic analysis was performed using 14 species belonging to the Araceae family and one external species as an outgroup. This analysis unveiled
W
.
arrhiza
and
Wolffia globosa
as closely related sister species. Therefore, this research has revealed the complete chloroplast genome data of
W
.
arrhiza
, offering a more detailed understanding of its evolutionary position and phylogenetic categorization within the Lemnoideae subfamily.