Artificial-turf playing fields: Contents of metals, PAHs, PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs, inhalation exposure to PAHs and related preliminary risk assessment

• Published in: The Science of the total environment Vol. 409; no. 23; pp. 4950 - 4957
• Main Authors: Menichini, Edoardo, Abate, Vittorio, Attias, Leonello, De Luca, Silvia, di Domenico, Alessandro, Fochi, Igor, Forte, Giovanni, Iacovella, Nicola, Iamiceli, Anna Laura, Izzo, Paolo, Merli, Franco, Bocca, Beatrice
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Kidlington Elsevier B.V 01-11-2011; Elsevier
• Subjects: Air; Air Pollutants - analysis; Ambient air; Athletes; Benzo[a]pyrene; Benzofurans - analysis; Benzofurans - toxicity; Biological and medical sciences; Carcinogenesis, carcinogens and anticarcinogens; Carcinogenic risk; Chemical agents; Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases; Chemical mutagenesis; Dioxins - analysis; Dioxins - toxicity; Environmental pollutants toxicology; filters; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Granulation; Humans; Inhalation; inhalation exposure; Inhalation Exposure - analysis; Italy; Medical sciences; metals; Metals and various inorganic compounds; Metals, Heavy - analysis; Metals, Heavy - toxicity; Polyallylamine hydrochloride; polychlorinated biphenyls; Polychlorinated Biphenyls - analysis; Polychlorinated Biphenyls - toxicity; polychlorinated dibenzodioxins; polychlorinated dibenzofurans; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - analysis; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - toxicity; Recycled; Recycled tyres; Risk; Risk Assessment; Rubber; Rubber - chemistry; Rubber waste; samplers; Soccer; soil; Sports Equipment - adverse effects; Toxicology; Tumors; wastes; Zinc; Italy; Europe; Benzo[a]pyrene; Ambient air; Carcinogenic risk; Recycled tyres; Rubber waste; Zinc; Dioxin derivatives; Mutagen; Persistent organic pollutant; Sport; Chlorine Organic compounds; Risk assessment; Chlorocarbon; Aromatic compound; Recycled material; Rubber; Organic compounds; Benzopyrene; Soccer; Polychlorobiphenyls; Sports ground; Transition metal; Exposure; Polycyclic aromatic compound; Heavy metal; Inhalation; Tyre; Carcinogen; Risk factor; Air pollution
• ISSN: 0048-9697; 1879-1026
• DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.042

The artificial-turf granulates made from recycled rubber waste are of health concern due the possible exposure of users to dangerous substances present in the rubber, and especially to PAHs. In this work, we determined the contents of PAHs, metals, non-dioxin-like PCBs (NDL-PCBs), PCDDs and PCDFs in granulates, and PAH concentrations in air during the use of the field. The purposes were to identify some potential chemical risks and to roughly assess the risk associated with inhalation exposure to PAHs. Rubber granulates were collected from 13 Italian fields and analysed for 25 metals and nine PAHs. One further granulate was analysed for NDL-PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs and 13 PAHs. Air samples were collected on filter at two fields, using respectively a high volume static sampler close to the athletes and personal samplers worn by the athletes, and at background locations outside the fields. In the absence of specific quality standards, we evaluated the measured contents with respect to the Italian standards for soils to be reclaimed as green areas. Zn concentrations (1 to 19
g/kg) and BaP concentrations (0.02 to 11
mg/kg) in granulates largely exceeded the pertinent standards, up to two orders of magnitude. No association between the origin of the recycled rubber and the contents of PAHs and metals was observed. The sums of NDL-PCBs and WHO-TE PCDDs
+
PCDFs were, respectively, 0.18 and 0.67
×
10
−
5
mg/kg. The increased BaP concentrations in air, due to the use of the field, varied approximately from <
0.01 to 0.4
ng/m
3, the latter referring to worst-case conditions as to the release of particle-bound PAHs. Based on the 0.4
ng/m
3 concentration, an excess lifetime cancer risk of 1
×
10
−
6
was calculated for an intense 30-year activity.
► We determine metals, PAHs, PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs in rubber used in artificial playing fields and inhalation exposure to PAHs. ► Zinc and BaP concentrations are high in rubber largely exceeding the Italian soil standards. ► We find an excess lifetime cancer risk to BaP of 1 × 10
−6 for a 30-year activity under a worst-case scenario.