Brain Volumes, Cognitive Impairment, and Conjugated Equine Estrogens

• Published in: The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences Vol. 64A; no. 12; pp. 1243 - 1250
• Main Authors: Espeland, Mark A., Tindle, Hilary A., Bushnell, Cheryl A., Jaramillo, Sarah A., Kuller, Lewis H., Margolis, Karen L., Mysiw, W. Jerry, Maldjian, Joseph A., Melhem, Elias R., Resnick, Susan M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Oxford University Press 01-12-2009
• Subjects: Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging - physiology; Analysis of Variance; Brain; Brain - drug effects; Brain - physiopathology; Clinical trials; Cognition & reasoning; Cognition Disorders - chemically induced; Cognition Disorders - diagnosis; Cognition Disorders - epidemiology; Dementia - chemically induced; Dementia - diagnosis; Dementia - epidemiology; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, Combination; Estrogen Replacement Therapy - adverse effects; Estrogen Replacement Therapy - methods; Estrogens; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) - administration & dosage; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) - adverse effects; Female; Hormone therapy; Humans; Incidence; Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Logistic Models; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Medical imaging; Medroxyprogesterone Acetate - administration & dosage; Medroxyprogesterone Acetate - adverse effects; Neuropsychological Tests; Older people; Organ Size; Postmenopause - drug effects; Postmenopause - physiology; Prognosis; Risk Assessment; Statistics, Nonparametric; Women's health; Womens health; United States > US; Hormone therapy; Magnetic resonance imaging; Women's health
• ISSN: 1079-5006; 1758-535X
• DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glp128

Background Postmenopausal conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) therapies increase the risk of cognitive impairment in women aged 65 years or older and are associated with smaller regional brain volumes; however, the link between these two phenomena has not been established. Methods Standardized magnetic resonance imaging was performed on 1,403 women, 1–4 years after they had participated in randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials of CEE-based therapies. Women included in this report were aged 65–80 years and free of dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) when originally enrolled in the trials, which lasted an average of 4–6 years and were conducted at 14 academic U.S. medical centers. The associations that regional brain volumes and ischemic lesion volumes had with the development of cognitive impairment (i.e., dementia or MCI) were contrasted between treatment groups using analyses of covariance. Results Fifty-three women developed MCI or probable dementia during follow-up. Among women who had been prescribed CEE-based therapies, cognitive impairment was associated with relatively smaller hippocampal (p = .0002) and total brain volumes (p = .03). Qualitatively, these associations appeared to be independent of their level of pretreatment cognitive function. Among women who had been prescribed placebo, these relationships were not evident; instead, cognitive impairment was associated with greater ischemic lesion volume in the frontal lobe (p = .007) and overall (p = .02). Conclusion A mechanism by which CEE-based postmenopausal hormone therapy induces cognitive impairment appears to be through increased brain atrophy.