Socioeconomic Risk Factors for Pediatric Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Statewide Analysis

• Published in: The western journal of emergency medicine Vol. 24; no. 3; pp. 572 - 578
• Main Authors: Kienbacher, Calvin Lukas, Wei, Guixing, Rhodes, Jason, Herkner, Harald, Williams, Kenneth A
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States University of California Digital Library - eScholarship 28-04-2023; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine; eScholarship Publishing, University of California
• Subjects: Cardiac arrest; Child; Child poverty; COVID-19; COVID-19 - complications; COVID-19 - epidemiology; Family income; Humans; Original Research; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest - epidemiology; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest - etiology; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest - therapy; Pandemics; Pediatrics; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; United States - epidemiology; United States; Rhode Island; United States > US
• ISSN: 1936-900X; 1936-9018; 1936-9018
• DOI: 10.5811/westjem.59107

Economic hardship is a major threat to children's health, implying that pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (pOHCA) might be promoted by lower incomes and child poverty. To target resources, it is helpful to identify geographical hotspots. Rhode Island is the smallest state by area in the United States of America. It has one million inhabitants and is comparable to many larger cities worldwide. We aimed to investigate the possible associations of pOHCA with economic factors and the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Our goal was to identify high-risk areas and evaluate whether the COVID-19 pandemic had an influence on delays in prehospital care.
We analyzed all pOHCA cases (patients <18 years of age) in Rhode Island between March 1, 2018-February 28, 2022. We performed Poisson regression with pOHCA as dependent and economic risk factors (median household income [MHI] and child poverty rate from the US Census Bureau) as well as the COVID-19 pandemic as independent variables. Hotspots were identified using local indicators of spatial association (LISA) statistics. We used linear regression to assess the association of emergency nedical services-related times with economic risk factors and COVID-19.
A total of 51 cases met our inclusion criteria. Lower MHIs (incidence-rate ratio [IRR]) 0.99 per $1,000 MHI; P=0.01) and higher child poverty rates (IRR 1.02 per percent; P=0.02) were significantly associated with higher numbers of ambulance calls due to pOHCA. The pandemic did not have a significant influence (IRR 1.1; P=0.7). LISA identified 12 census tracts as hotspots (P<0.01). The pandemic was not associated with delays in prehospital care.
Lower median household income and higher child poverty rate are associated with higher numbers of pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.