Ageing mechanisms and reliability of graphene-based electrodes

• Published in: Nano research Vol. 7; no. 12; pp. 1820 - 1831
• Main Authors: Shi, Yuanyuan, Ji, Yanfeng, Hui, Fei, Wu, Hai-Hua, Lanza, Mario
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Heidelberg Tsinghua University Press 01-12-2014; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Accelerated tests; Aging; Atomic/Molecular Structure and Spectra; Biomedicine; Biotechnology; Carbon; Chemistry and Materials Science; Condensed Matter Physics; Design; Devices; Electrodes; Electronics; Graphene; Materials Science; Methodology; Nanocomposites; Nanostructure; Nanotechnology; Nanowires; Oxidation; Point defects; Research Article; Silicon wafers; 可靠性; 抗氧化试验; 烯基; 直接隧穿; 石墨; 老化机理; 设备生产; 透明电极; electrode; tunneling; conductive atomic force microscopy (CAFM); local oxidation
• ISSN: 1998-0124; 1998-0000
• DOI: 10.1007/s12274-014-0542-8

The development of flexible transparent electrodes for next generation devices has been appointed as the major topic in carbon electronics research for the next five years. Among all candidate materials tested to date, graphene and graphene based nanocomposites have shown the highest performance. Although some incipient anti-oxidation tests have been reported, in-deep ageing studies to assess the reliability of carbon-based electrodes have never been performed before. In this work, we present a disruptive methodology to assess the ageing mechanisms of graphene electrodes, which is also extensible to other carbon- based and two-dimensional materials. After performing accelerated oxidative tests, we exhaustively analyze the yield of the electrodes combining nanoscale and device level experiments with Weibull probabilistic analyses and tunneling current simulation, based on the Fowler-Nordheim/Direct-Tunneling models. Our experiments and calculations reveal that an ultra-thin oxide layer can be formed on the pristine surface of graphene. We quantitatively analyze the consequences of this layer on the properties of the electrodes, and observed a change in the conduction mode at the interface （from Ohmic to Schottky）, an effect that should be considered in the design of future graphene-based devices. Future mass production of carbon-based devices should include similar reliability studies, and the methodologies presented here （including the accelerated tests, characterization and modeling） may help other scientists to move from lab prototypes towards industrial device production.