Prevalence of clinically significant depressive symptoms in an epidemiologic sample of community-dwelling elders with milder forms of cognitive impairment in Hong Kong SAR

• Published in: International journal of geriatric psychiatry Vol. 23; no. 6; pp. 611 - 617
• Main Authors: Chan, Sandra S. M., Lam, Linda C. W., Tam, Cindy W. C., Lui, Victor W. C., Chan, W. C., Wong, Sunny, Wong, Ada, Tham, M. K., Ho, K. S., Chan, W. M., Chiu, Helen F. K.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Chichester, UK John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 01-06-2008; Wiley; Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
• Subjects: Aged; Biological and medical sciences; Cognition Disorders - epidemiology; Cognition Disorders - etiology; cognitive impairment; dementia; Dementia - diagnosis; Dementia - epidemiology; Dementia - psychology; depression; Depression - epidemiology; Depression - etiology; Epidemiologic Methods; Epidemiology; Female; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; General aspects; Geriatric psychiatry; Geriatric psychology; Geriatrics; Hong Kong - epidemiology; Humans; Learning disabilities; Male; Medical sciences; Mental depression; Middle Aged; Older people; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Psychoanalysis; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychopathology. Psychiatry; Public health. Hygiene; Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine; Residence Characteristics; Sex Factors; Time Factors; Hong Kong; Asia; China; Hong Kong China; China, People's Rep., Hong Kong; Human; Mood disorder; Prevalence; Cognitive disorder; Depression; Housing; Epidemiology; Symptomatology; Gerontology; Structure activity relation; At home; Degenerative disease; cognitive impairment; Elderly; Psychiatry; Public health; Dementia; Geriatrics
• ISSN: 0885-6230; 1099-1166
• DOI: 10.1002/gps.1948

Background
Depression and cognitive impairment in later‐life have great bearings on public health. The two conditions often co‐occur and have mutual implications on short‐term risk and long‐term prognosis.
Method
A two‐phase epidemiologic survey on the prevalence of dementia in elders aged 60 and over was conducted in Hong Kong in 2005–2006. In the first phase, 6,100 randomly selected community dwelling elders were assessed with Cantonese version of Mini‐Mental State Examination (C‐MMSE) and Abbreviated Memory Inventory for Chinese (AMIC). Two thousand and seventy‐three subjects were screened positive and invited for second phase cognitive and psychiatric assessment. 35.5% of screen‐positive subjects participated in Phase 2 assessment conducted by psychiatrists for diagnosis of dementia. Severity of dementia was determined using Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR). Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) and a structured bedside cognitive battery were also administered to each subject.
Results
1.7% of subjects with CDR 0.5 and 5.9% of subjects with CDR 1 had clinically significant depressive symptoms (>/ = 8 on CSDD). Score on CSDD correlated positively with duration of cognitive symptoms, scores on CIRS and CMMSE in linear regression model. In a logistic regression model, male gender, duration of cognitive symptoms, CIRS and CMMSE was associated with increased risk for clinically significant depressive symptoms.
Conclusions
In our sample, milder forms of cognitive impairment were associated with increased risk for depression in the presence of other risk factors such as male gender, higher physical illness burden and longer duration of cognitive symptoms. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.