Evaluating potential benefits of air barriers in commercial buildings using NIST infiltration correlations in EnergyPlus

• Published in: Building and environment Vol. 196; p. 107783
• Main Authors: Ng, Lisa C., Dols, W. Stuart, Emmerich, Steven J.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Elsevier Ltd 01-06-2021; Elsevier BV
• Subjects: Air flow; Airflow modeling; Airtightness; Building envelope airtightness; Building envelopes; Buildings; Commercial buildings; CONTAM; Correlation; Energy; Energy conservation; Energy consumption; Energy costs; Energy modeling; EnergyPlus; HVAC; Infiltration; Infiltration rate; Mathematical models; Pressurization; Prototypes; Wind effects; EnergyPlus; Energy modeling; Airflow modeling; Infiltration; Commercial buildings; Building envelope airtightness; CONTAM
• ISSN: 0360-1323; 1873-684X
• DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107783

According to the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE), infiltration accounts for 6% of the energy use and $11 billion in energy cost for U. S. commercial buildings. One strategy to reduce infiltration in commercial buildings is to provide more supply airflow than return and exhaust in order to “pressurize the building”. DOE has developed EnergyPlus models of several prototype buildings which assume that pressurization results in system-on infiltration rates that are 75% less than the system-off rates. However, airflow simulations of these buildings using the CONTAM multizone airflow software showed that pressurization reduced infiltration by an average of 44% only. To improve the infiltration rates calculated by the EnergyPlus models of prototype buildings, CONTAM infiltration rates were used to develop coefficients that can be input into EnergyPlus. CONTAM captures the effects of wind, temperature difference, and system operation on infiltration rates. Coefficients were developed for 11 prototype buildings, eight cities, and two levels of building envelope airtightness. Comparisons of the predicted infiltration rates were made between using the DOE prototype model inputs and the NIST infiltration correlations. Using the NIST correlations resulted in an average HVAC-EUI (HVAC-related energy use intensity) savings of 6% or 1.4 kBtu/ft2 due to airtightening. These results indicate that the effects of infiltration on HVAC energy use are important and that infiltration can and should be better accounted for in whole-building energy modeling.
•CONTAM simulations showed infiltration was reduced only 44% when HVAC system was on.•NIST infiltration correlations captured effects of wind, temperature & HVAC operation.•Study predicted annual HVAC energy savings of 6% with airtightening.•Study predicted 1.4 kBtu/ft2 more HVAC savings from airtightening than DOE models.•More accurate infiltration modeling results in greater savings from airtightening.