Dispersion of magnetic graphene oxide nanoparticles coated with a deep eutectic solvent using ultrasound assistance for preconcentration of methadone in biological and water samples followed by GC–FID and GC–MS

• Published in: Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry Vol. 409; no. 26; pp. 6113 - 6121
• Main Authors: Lamei, Navid, Ezoddin, Maryam, Ardestani, Mehdi Shafiee, Abdi, Khosrou
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01-10-2017; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Adsorption; Analgesics, Opioid - analysis; Analgesics, Opioid - blood; Analgesics, Opioid - isolation & purification; Analgesics, Opioid - urine; Analytical Chemistry; Biochemistry; Characterization and Evaluation of Materials; Chemical properties; Chemistry; Chemistry and Materials Science; Chromatography; Chromatography, Gas - methods; Dispersion; Eutectics; Flame ionization; Food Science; Fourier transforms; Gas chromatography; Graphene; Graphite - chemistry; Humans; Ionization; Iron oxides; Laboratory Medicine; Limit of Detection; Magnetic properties; Magnetite Nanoparticles - chemistry; Mass spectrometry; Mass spectroscopy; Methadone; Methadone - analysis; Methadone - blood; Methadone - isolation & purification; Methadone - urine; Methods; Monitoring/Environmental Analysis; Nanoparticles; Oxides - chemistry; pH effects; Recovery; Research Paper; Solid Phase Extraction - methods; Solvents; Sonication - methods; Ultrasonic imaging; Ultrasonic testing; Ultrasound; Urine; Water - analysis; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis; Water Pollutants, Chemical - blood; Water Pollutants, Chemical - isolation & purification; Water Pollutants, Chemical - urine; Water sampling; X-ray diffraction; Plasma and urine; Deep eutectic solvent; Methadone; Ultrasonic; Magnetic graphene nanoparticles
• ISSN: 1618-2642; 1618-2650
• DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0547-8

Magnetic graphene nanoparticles coated with a new deep eutectic solvent (Fe
3
O
4
@GO-DES) were developed for efficient preconcentration of methadone. The extracted methadone was then analyzed by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC–FID) or gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Fe
3
O
4
@GO-DES were characterized by Fourier transform IR and X-ray diffraction techniques. Ultrasound was used to enhance the dispersion of the sorbent, with a high extraction recovery. Some parameters affecting the extraction recovery, such as pH, type of deep eutectic solvent, sample volume, amount of sorbent, extraction time, and type of eluent, were investigated. Under optimum conditions, the method developed was linear in the concentration range from 3 to 45,000 μg L
-1
for GC–FID and from 0.1 to 500 μg L
-1
for GC–MS, with a detection limit of 0.8 μg L
-1
for GC–FID and 0.03 μg L
-1
for GC–MS. The relative standard deviations (
n
 = 6) as the intraday and interday precisions of the methadone spike at a concentration of 100 μg L
-1
were 5.8% and 8.4% respectively for GC–FID. The preconcentration factor was 250. Relative recoveries from spiked plasma, urine, and water samples ranged from 95.1% to 101.5%.