Salivary metabolite levels in perinatally HIV-infected youth with periodontal disease

• Published in: Metabolomics Vol. 16; no. 9; p. 98
• Main Authors: Schulte, Fabian, King, Oliver D., Paster, Bruce J., Moscicki, Anna-Barbara, Yao, Tzy-Jyun, Van Dyke, Russell B., Shiboski, Caroline, Ryder, Mark, Seage, George, Hardt, Markus
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Springer US 11-09-2020; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome; AIDS; Amino acids; Biochemistry; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Cadaverine; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Gum disease; HIV; Human immunodeficiency virus; Infections; Life Sciences; Liquid chromatography; Mass spectroscopy; Metabolism; Metabolites; Molecular Medicine; Original Article; Periodontal diseases; Periodontitis; Proteolysis; Biomarkers; Periodontal disease; Targeted metabolomics; Mass spectrometry; HIV infection; HAART
• ISSN: 1573-3882; 1573-3890
• DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-01719-6

Introduction
Salivary metabolite profiles are altered in adults with HIV compared to their uninfected counterparts. Less is known about youth with HIV and how oral disorders that commonly accompany HIV infection impact salivary metabolite levels.
Objective
As part of the Adolescent Master Protocol multi-site cohort study of the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study (PHACS) network we compared the salivary metabolome of youth with perinatally-acquired HIV (PHIV) and youth HIV-exposed, but uninfected (PHEU) and determined whether metabolites differ in PHIV versus PHEU.
Methods
We used three complementary targeted and discovery-based liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) workflows to characterize salivary metabolite levels in 20 PHIV and 20 PHEU youth with and without moderate periodontitis. We examined main effects associated with PHIV and periodontal disease, and the interaction between them.
Results
We did not identify differences in salivary metabolite profiles that remained significant under stringent control for both multiple between-group comparisons and multiple metabolites. Levels of cadaverine, a known periodontitis-associated metabolite, were more abundant in individuals with periodontal disease with the difference being more pronounced in PHEU than PHIV. In the discovery-based dataset, we identified a total of 564 endogenous peptides in the metabolite extracts, showing that proteolytic processing and amino acid metabolism are important to consider in the context of HIV infection.
Conclusion
The salivary metabolite profiles of PHIV and PHEU youth were overall very similar. Individuals with periodontitis particularly among the PHEU youth had higher levels of cadaverine, suggesting that HIV infection, or its treatment, may influence the metabolism of oral bacteria.