Key considerations for assessing soil ingestion exposures among agricultural workers

• Published in: Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology Vol. 32; no. 3; pp. 481 - 492
• Main Authors: Lupolt, Sara N., Agnew, Jacqueline, Burke, Thomas A., Kennedy, Ryan David, Nachman, Keeve E.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Nature Publishing Group US 01-05-2022; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: Agriculture; Contaminants; Context; Epidemiology; Exposure; Farmworkers; Ingestion; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Occupational exposure; Occupational health; Soil contamination; Soil investigations; Soils; Agriculture; Farmers; Soil ingestion; Exposure factor
• ISSN: 1559-0631; 1559-064X
• DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00339-z

Background
Soil ingestion is a critical, yet poorly characterized route of exposure to contaminants, particularly for agricultural workers who have frequent, direct contact with soil.
Objective
This qualitative investigation aims to identify and characterize key considerations for translating agricultural workers’ soil ingestion experiences into recommendations to improve traditional exposure science tools for estimating soil ingestion.
Methods
We conducted qualitative in-depth interviews with 16 fruit and vegetable growers in Maryland to characterize their behaviors and concerns regarding soil contact in order to characterize the nature of soil ingestion in the agricultural context.
Results
We identified and discussed four emergent themes: (1) variability in growers’ descriptions of soil and dust, (2) variability in growers’ soil contact, (3) growers’ concerns regarding soil contact, (4) growers’ practices to modify soil contact. We also identified environmental and behavioral factors and six specific agricultural tasks that may impact soil ingestion rates.
Significance
Our investigation fills an important gap in occupational exposure science methodology by providing four key considerations that should be integrated into indirect measurement tools for estimating soil ingestion rates in the agricultural context. Specifically, a task-based framework may provide a structure for future investigations of soil contact that may be useful in other populations.