Modeling of the immune response in the pathogenesis of solid tumors and its prognostic significance

• Published in: Cellular oncology (Dordrecht) Vol. 43; no. 4; pp. 539 - 575
• Main Authors: Zadka, Łukasz, Grybowski, Damian J., Dzięgiel, Piotr
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 01-08-2020; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Cancer; Cancer Research; Immune response; Immunosuppression; Inflammation; Oncology; Pathology; Review; Solid tumors; Tumor cells; Tumorigenesis; Tumors; immune system; solid tumor; immunosuppression; inflammation; immune response; Cancer
• ISSN: 2211-3428; 2211-3436
• DOI: 10.1007/s13402-020-00519-3

Background
Tumor initiation and subsequent progression are usually long-term processes, spread over time and conditioned by diverse aspects. Many cancers develop on the basis of chronic inflammation; however, despite dozens of years of research, little is known about the factors triggering neoplastic transformation under these conditions. Molecular characterization of both pathogenetic states, i.e., similarities and differences between chronic inflammation and cancer, is also poorly defined. The secretory activity of tumor cells may change the immunophenotype of immune cells and modify the extracellular microenvironment, which allows the bypass of host defense mechanisms and seems to have diagnostic and prognostic value. The phenomenon of immunosuppression is also present during chronic inflammation, and the development of cancer, due to its duration, predisposes patients to the promotion of chronic inflammation. The aim of our work was to discuss the above issues based on the latest scientific insights. A theoretical mechanism of cancer immunosuppression is also proposed.
Conclusions
Development of solid tumors may occur both during acute and chronic phases of inflammation. Differences in the regulation of immune responses between precancerous states and the cancers resulting from them emphasize the importance of immunosuppressive factors in oncogenesis. Cancer cells may, through their secretory activity and extracellular transport mechanisms, enhance deterioration of the immune system which, in turn, may have prognostic implications.