The Rest-frame Submillimeter Spectrum of High-redshift, Dusty, Star-forming Galaxies from the SPT-SZ Survey

• Published in: The Astrophysical journal Vol. 948; no. 1; pp. 44 - 59
• Main Authors: Reuter, C., Spilker, J. S., Vieira, J. D., Marrone, D. P., Weiss, A., Aravena, M., Archipley, M. A., Chapman, S. C., Gonzalez, A., Greve, T. R., Hayward, C. C., Hill, R., Jarugula, S., Kim, S., Malkan, M., Phadke, K. A., Stark, A. A., Sulzenauer, N., Vizgan, D.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Philadelphia The American Astronomical Society 01-05-2023; IOP Publishing
• Subjects: Arrays; Astrochemistry; ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; Astrophysics; Chemical evolution; Cosmic dust; Cosmology; Dust; Emission lines; Galaxies; Interstellar chemistry; Interstellar matter; Interstellar medium; Radio telescopes; Red shift; South Pole; Space telescopes; Star & galaxy formation; Star formation; Stars; Stars & galaxies; Strong gravitational lensing; System effectiveness; Tracers; Ultraluminous infrared galaxies
• ISSN: 0004-637X; 1538-4357
• DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/acaf51

Abstract
We present the average rest-frame spectrum of the final catalog of dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) selected from the South Pole Telescope's SPT-SZ survey and measured with Band 3 of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. This work builds on the previous average rest-frame spectrum, given in Spilker et al. (2014) for the first 22 sources, and is comprised of a total of 78 sources, normalized by their respective apparent dust masses. The spectrum spans 1.9 <
z
< 6.9 and covers rest-frame frequencies of 240–800 GHz. Combining this data with low-
J
CO observations from the Australia Telescope Compact Array, we detect multiple bright line features from
12
CO, [C
i
], and H
2
O, as well as fainter molecular transitions from
13
CO, HCN, HCO
+
, HNC, CN, H
2
O
+
, and CH. We use these detections, along with limits from other molecules, to characterize the typical properties of the interstellar medium (ISM) for these high-redshift DSFGs. We are able to divide the large sample into subsets in order to explore how the average spectrum changes with various galaxy properties, such as effective dust temperature. We find that systems with hotter dust temperatures exhibit differences in the bright
12
CO emission lines, and contain either warmer and more excited dense gas tracers or larger dense gas reservoirs. These observations will serve as a reference point to studies of the ISM in distant luminous DSFGs (
L
IR
> 10
12
L
⊙
), and will inform studies of chemical evolution before the peak epoch of star formation at
z
= 2–3.