Compliance, Adherence and Concordance Differently Predict the Improvement of Uremic and Microbial Toxins in Chronic Kidney Disease on Low Protein Diet

• Published in: Nutrients Vol. 14; no. 3; p. 487
• Main Authors: De Mauri, Andreana, Carrera, Deborah, Vidali, Matteo, Bagnati, Marco, Rolla, Roberta, Riso, Sergio, Torreggiani, Massimo, Chiarinotti, Doriana
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 23-01-2022; MDPI
• Subjects: adherence; Adult; Atherosclerosis; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Cardiovascular disease; Cholesterol; Chronic illnesses; chronic kidney disease; Compliance; concordance; Diet; Diet, Protein-Restricted; Humans; Kidney diseases; Kidneys; Laboratories; Low protein diet; Metabolism; Metabolites; Microbiota; Microorganisms; Nephrology; Nutrient deficiency; p-cresol; Patient Compliance; Patients; Phospholipase A2; Potassium; Proteins; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Sulfates; Toxins; Toxins, Biological; Triglycerides; Urea; Urine; United States > US; Italy; low protein diet; chronic kidney disease; indoxyl-sulphate; adherence; compliance; p-cresol; lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2; concordance
• ISSN: 2072-6643; 2072-6643
• DOI: 10.3390/nu14030487

In medicine, "compliance" indicates that the patient complies with the prescriber's recommendations, "adherence" means that "the patient matches the recommendations" and "concordance" means "therapeutic alliance" between patient and clinician. While a low protein diet (LPD) is a cornerstone treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD), monitoring the actual performance of LPD is a challenge.
Fifty-seven advanced CKD adult patients were enrolled and LPD prescribed. Compliance was evaluated through the normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR), adherence by the dietitian by means of a 24-h dietary recall and concordance by the nephrologist during consultations. Traditional parameters as well as total p-Cresyl Sulphate (t-PCS), total Indoxyl Sulphate (t-IS) and Lipoprotein-associated phspholipase A
(Lp-PLA
) were compared between adherent/not adherent and concordant/not concordant subjects at enrolment and after two months.
nPCR, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol and triglycerides significantly decreased in all patients. t-PCS and t-IS decreased among adherent subjects. Lp-PLA
, t-PCS, free-PCS and t-IS decreased among concordant subjects, while these increased in non-concordant ones.
This study demonstrates that LPD may improve the control of traditional uremic toxins and atherogenic toxins in "adherent" and "concordant" patients. A comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach is needed to evaluate the compliance/adherence/concordance to LPD for optimizing nutritional interventions.