Mold and Human Health: a Reality Check

• Published in: Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology Vol. 52; no. 3; pp. 305 - 322
• Main Authors: Borchers, Andrea T., Chang, Christopher, Eric Gershwin, M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Springer US 01-06-2017; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Allergens - immunology; Allergology; Apartments; Asthma; Environmental Exposure - adverse effects; Exposure; Fungal diseases; Fungal infections; Fungi - immunology; Fungicides; Health aspects; Hemorrhage; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Hypersensitivity - immunology; Immunocompromised Host; Immunology; Internal Medicine; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Mold; Molds (Fungi); Mycoses; Mycoses - immunology; Mycotoxicosis; Rare species; Sick building syndrome; Spores; Fungi; Mycotoxicosis; Hypersensitivity pneumonitis; Allergic rhinitis; Mycotoxins; Sick building syndrome; Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis; Allergic fungal sinusitis; Asthma
• ISSN: 1080-0549; 1559-0267
• DOI: 10.1007/s12016-017-8601-z

There are possibly millions of mold species on earth. The vast majority of these mold spores live in harmony with humans, rarely causing disease. The rare species that does cause disease does so by triggering allergies or asthma, or may be involved in hypersensitivity diseases such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis or allergic fungal sinusitis. Other hypersensitivity diseases include those related to occupational or domiciliary exposures to certain mold species, as in the case of Pigeon Breeder’s disease, Farmer’s lung, or humidifier fever. The final proven category of fungal diseases is through infection, as in the case of onchomycosis or coccidiomycosis. These diseases can be treated using anti-fungal agents. Molds and fungi can also be particularly important in infections that occur in immunocompromised patients. Systemic candidiasis does not occur unless the individual is immunodeficient. Previous reports of “toxic mold syndrome” or “toxic black mold” have been shown to be no more than media hype and mass hysteria, partly stemming from the misinterpreted concept of the “sick building syndrome.” There is no scientific evidence that exposure to visible black mold in apartments and buildings can lead to the vague and subjective symptoms of memory loss, inability to focus, fatigue, and headaches that were reported by people who erroneously believed that they were suffering from “mycotoxicosis.” Similarly, a causal relationship between cases of infant pulmonary hemorrhage and exposure to “black mold” has never been proven. Finally, there is no evidence of a link between autoimmune disease and mold exposure.