Crystallography, Molecular Modeling, and COX-2 Inhibition Studies on Indolizine Derivatives

• Published in: Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 26; no. 12; p. 3550
• Main Authors: Venugopala, Katharigatta N., Chandrashekharappa, Sandeep, Tratrat, Christophe, Deb, Pran Kishore, Nagdeve, Rahul D., Nayak, Susanta K., Morsy, Mohamed A., Borah, Pobitra, Mahomoodally, Fawzi M., Mailavaram, Raghu Prasad, Attimarad, Mahesh, Aldhubiab, Bandar E., Sreeharsha, Nagaraja, Nair, Anroop B., Alwassil, Osama I., Haroun, Michelyne, Mohanlall, Viresh, Shinu, Pottathil, Venugopala, Rashmi, Kandeel, Mahmoud, Nandeshwarappa, Belakatte P., Ibrahim, Yasmine F.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 10-06-2021; MDPI
• Subjects: Anti-inflammatory agents; Chemical bonds; COX-2 inhibition; COX-2 inhibitors; Crystal structure; Crystallography; Cyclooxygenase-1; Cyclooxygenase-2; Energy; energy framework; Energy value; Enzymes; Graphical representations; Hirshfeld surface analysis; Hydrogen; Hydrophobicity; indolizine derivatives; Indomethacin; Inflammation; Inhibitors; Modelling; molecular modeling; Molecular modelling; Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Side effects; Single crystals; Software; Surface analysis (chemical); X-ray diffraction
• ISSN: 1420-3049; 1420-3049
• DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123550

The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme is an important target for drug discovery and development of novel anti-inflammatory agents. Selective COX-2 inhibitors have the advantage of reduced side-effects, which result from COX-1 inhibition that is usually observed with nonselective COX inhibitors. In this study, the design and synthesis of a new series of 7-methoxy indolizines as bioisostere indomethacin analogues (5a–e) were carried out and evaluated for COX-2 enzyme inhibition. All the compounds showed activity in micromolar ranges, and the compound diethyl 3-(4-cyanobenzoyl)-7-methoxyindolizine-1,2-dicarboxylate (5a) emerged as a promising COX-2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 5.84 µM, as compared to indomethacin (IC50 = 6.84 µM). The molecular modeling study of indolizines indicated that hydrophobic interactions were the major contribution to COX-2 inhibition. The title compound diethyl 3-(4-bromobenzoyl)-7-methoxyindolizine-1,2-dicarboxylate (5c) was subjected for single-crystal X-ray studies, Hirshfeld surface analysis, and energy framework calculations. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the molecule (5c) crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with space group P 21/n with a = 12.0497(6)Å, b = 17.8324(10)Å, c = 19.6052(11)Å, α = 90.000°, β = 100.372(1)°, γ = 90.000°, and V = 4143.8(4)Å3. In addition, with the help of Crystal Explorer software program using the B3LYP/6-31G(d, p) basis set, the theoretical calculation of the interaction and graphical representation of energy value was measured in the form of the energy framework in terms of coulombic, dispersion, and total energy.