Role of Divalent Cations in HIV-1 Replication and Pathogenicity

• Published in: Viruses Vol. 12; no. 4; p. 471
• Main Authors: Khan, Nabab, Chen, Xuesong, Geiger, Jonathan D
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 21-04-2020; MDPI
• Subjects: Cations; Cations, Divalent - metabolism; Development and progression; Disease Susceptibility; divalent cations; endolysosomes; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Health aspects; HIV infections; HIV Infections - complications; HIV Infections - metabolism; HIV Infections - virology; HIV-1 - physiology; HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders; human immunodeficiency virus type-1; Humans; Review; Structure-Activity Relationship; tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus - chemistry; tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus - genetics; tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus - metabolism; transactivator of transcription; Virus Replication; United States; endolysosomes; HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders; human immunodeficiency virus type-1; transactivator of transcription; divalent cations
• ISSN: 1999-4915; 1999-4915
• DOI: 10.3390/v12040471

Divalent cations are essential for life and are fundamentally important coordinators of cellular metabolism, cell growth, host-pathogen interactions, and cell death. Specifically, for human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), divalent cations are required for interactions between viral and host factors that govern HIV-1 replication and pathogenicity. Homeostatic regulation of divalent cations' levels and actions appear to change as HIV-1 infection progresses and as changes occur between HIV-1 and the host. In people living with HIV-1, dietary supplementation with divalent cations may increase HIV-1 replication, whereas cation chelation may suppress HIV-1 replication and decrease disease progression. Here, we review literature on the roles of zinc (Zn
), iron (Fe
), manganese (Mn
), magnesium (Mg
), selenium (Se
), and copper (Cu
) in HIV-1 replication and pathogenicity, as well as evidence that divalent cation levels and actions may be targeted therapeutically in people living with HIV-1.