Orexins and their receptors from fish to mammals: A comparative approach

Research highlights ► Orexins’ are under strong evolutionary pressure to preserve structure and functions. ► OX2R is evolutionary more ancient. ► OX1R likely evolved by gene duplication after the divergence giving rise to mammals. ► Orexins’ are functionally important in regulating physiological pro...

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Published in:	General and comparative endocrinology Vol. 171; no. 2; pp. 124 - 130
Main Authors:	Wong, Kari K.Y, Ng, Stephanie Y.L, Lee, Leo T.O, Ng, Hans K.H, Chow, Billy K.C
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Elsevier Inc 01-04-2011
Subjects:	Amino Acid Sequence Animals Brain - metabolism endocrinology Endocrinology & Metabolism energy intake energy metabolism Evolution Evolution, Molecular fish Fishes - genetics Fishes - metabolism food intake hypothalamus Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins - chemistry Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins - genetics Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins - metabolism invertebrates mammals Mammals - genetics Mammals - metabolism Molecular Sequence Data neurons neuropeptides Neuropeptides - chemistry Neuropeptides - genetics Neuropeptides - metabolism Orexin Orexin receptor Orexin Receptors Orexins receptors Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled - chemistry Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled - genetics Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled - metabolism Receptors, Neuropeptide - chemistry Receptors, Neuropeptide - genetics Receptors, Neuropeptide - metabolism reproduction Sequence Homology, Amino Acid sleep Orexin receptor Evolution Orexin
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Abstract	Research highlights ► Orexins’ are under strong evolutionary pressure to preserve structure and functions. ► OX2R is evolutionary more ancient. ► OX1R likely evolved by gene duplication after the divergence giving rise to mammals. ► Orexins’ are functionally important in regulating physiological processes
AbstractList	Although recently discovered, orexins have been rapidly established as important neuropeptides in regulating physiological processes including food intake, sleep/wake cycles and reproduction through binding to two class B G protein-coupled receptors (OX1R and OX2R). To date, a handful of sequences for orexins and their receptors ranging from fish to mammalian species have been identified, allowing a glimpse into their evolution. Structurally, the genetic and molecular organization of the peptides and receptors amongst vertebrates are highly similar, underlining the strong evolutionary pressure that has been exerted to preserve structure and ultimately function. Furthermore, the absence of invertebrate orexin-like sequences suggests early vertebrates as the origin from which orexins evolved. With respect to the receptors, OX2R is probably evolutionary more ancient whilst OX1R is specific to mammalian species and evolved only during this later lineage. In common to all vertebrates studied, the hypothalamus remains to be the key brain region in which orexinergic neurons and fibers are localized in, establishing orexin to be an important player in regulating physiological processes especially those related to food intake and energy metabolism. To allow better understanding of the evolution of orexins and their receptors, this review will provide a comparative approach to their structures and functions in vertebrates. as important neuropeptides in regulating physiological processes including food intake, sleep/wake cycles and reproduction through binding to two class B G protein-coupled receptors (OX1R and OX2R). To date, a handful of sequences for orexins and their receptors ranging from fish to mammalian species have been identified, allowing a glimpse into their evolution. Structurally, the genetic and molecular organization of the peptides and receptors amongst vertebrates are highly similar, underlining the strong evolutionary pressure that has been exerted to preserve structure and ultimately function. Furthermore, the absence of invertebrate orexin-like sequences suggests early vertebrates as the origin from which orexins evolved. With respect to the receptors, OX2R is probably evolutionary more ancient whilst OX1R is specific to mammalian species and evolved only during this later lineage. In common to all vertebrates studied, the hypothalamus remains to be the key brain region in which orexinergic neurons and fibers are localized in, establishing orexin to be an important player in regulating physiological processes especially those related to food intake and energy metabolism. To allow better understanding of the evolution of orexins and their receptors, this review will provide a comparative approach to their structures and functions in vertebrates. ► Orexins’ are under strong evolutionary pressure to preserve structure and functions. ► OX2R is evolutionary more ancient. ► OX1R likely evolved by gene duplication after the divergence giving rise to mammals. ► Orexins’ are functionally important in regulating physiological processes Although recently discovered, orexins have been rapidly established as important neuropeptides in regulating physiological processes including food intake, sleep/wake cycles and reproduction through binding to two class B G protein-coupled receptors (OX1R and OX2R). To date, a handful of sequences for orexins and their receptors ranging from fish to mammalian species have been identified, allowing a glimpse into their evolution. Structurally, the genetic and molecular organization of the peptides and receptors amongst vertebrates are highly similar, underlining the strong evolutionary pressure that has been exerted to preserve structure and ultimately function. Furthermore, the absence of invertebrate orexin-like sequences suggests early vertebrates as the origin from which orexins evolved. With respect to the receptors, OX2R is probably evolutionary more ancient whilst OX1R is specific to mammalian species and evolved only during this later lineage. In common to all vertebrates studied, the hypothalamus remains to be the key brain region in which orexinergic neurons and fibers are localized in, establishing orexin to be an important player in regulating physiological processes especially those related to food intake and energy metabolism. To allow better understanding of the evolution of orexins and their receptors, this review will provide a comparative approach to their structures and functions in vertebrates. Research highlights ► Orexins’ are under strong evolutionary pressure to preserve structure and functions. ► OX2R is evolutionary more ancient. ► OX1R likely evolved by gene duplication after the divergence giving rise to mammals. ► Orexins’ are functionally important in regulating physiological processes
Author	Ng, Stephanie Y.L Wong, Kari K.Y Lee, Leo T.O Ng, Hans K.H Chow, Billy K.C
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BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21216246$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet	Research highlights ► Orexins’ are under strong evolutionary pressure to preserve structure and functions. ► OX2R is evolutionary more ancient. ► OX1R likely... ► Orexins’ are under strong evolutionary pressure to preserve structure and functions. ► OX2R is evolutionary more ancient. ► OX1R likely evolved by gene... Although recently discovered, orexins have been rapidly established as important neuropeptides in regulating physiological processes including food intake,... as important neuropeptides in regulating physiological processes including food intake, sleep/wake cycles and reproduction through binding to two class B G...
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SubjectTerms	Amino Acid Sequence Animals Brain - metabolism endocrinology Endocrinology & Metabolism energy intake energy metabolism Evolution Evolution, Molecular fish Fishes - genetics Fishes - metabolism food intake hypothalamus Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins - chemistry Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins - genetics Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins - metabolism invertebrates mammals Mammals - genetics Mammals - metabolism Molecular Sequence Data neurons neuropeptides Neuropeptides - chemistry Neuropeptides - genetics Neuropeptides - metabolism Orexin Orexin receptor Orexin Receptors Orexins receptors Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled - chemistry Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled - genetics Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled - metabolism Receptors, Neuropeptide - chemistry Receptors, Neuropeptide - genetics Receptors, Neuropeptide - metabolism reproduction Sequence Homology, Amino Acid sleep
Title	Orexins and their receptors from fish to mammals: A comparative approach
URI	https://www.clinicalkey.es/playcontent/1-s2.0-S0016648011000025 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.01.001 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21216246 https://search.proquest.com/docview/857131999 https://search.proquest.com/docview/869594430
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