Functional analysis of chemically synthesized derivatives of the human CC chemokine CCL15/HCC-2, a high affinity CCR1 ligand

• Published in: The journal of peptide research Vol. 63; no. 1; pp. 36 - 47
• Main Authors: Escher, S.E., Vakili, J., Forssmann, U., Frimpong-Boateng, A., Sticht, H., Detheux, M., Adermann, K.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01-01-2004
• Subjects: 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl peptide synthesis; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Binding, Competitive; Calcium - metabolism; CC chemokine; CC chemokine receptor 1; CC chemokine receptor 3; CCL15; Cell Line, Tumor; Chemokines, CC; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte - drug effects; CHO Cells; Cricetinae; Cricetulus; HCC-2; Heparin - metabolism; Humans; Ligands; Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins; Molecular Sequence Data; Monocytes - immunology; Monokines - antagonists & inhibitors; Monokines - chemistry; mutation; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; Peptides - chemical synthesis; Peptides - chemistry; Peptides - pharmacology; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Radioligand Assay; Receptors, CCR1; Receptors, Chemokine - agonists; Receptors, Chemokine - chemistry; Receptors, Chemokine - metabolism; structure-activity relation; Structure-Activity Relationship
• ISSN: 1397-002X; 1399-3011
• DOI: 10.1046/j.1399-3011.2004.00102.x

:  The CCL15 is a human CC chemokine that activates the receptors, CCR1 and CCR3. Unlike other chemokines, it contains an unusually long N‐terminal domain of 31 amino acids preceding the first cysteine residue and a third disulfide bond. To elucidate the functional role of distinct structural determinants, a series of sequential amino‐terminal truncated and point‐mutated CCL15 derivatives as well as mutants lacking the third disulfide bond and the carboxy‐terminal α‐helix were synthesized using 9‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) chemistry. We demonstrate that a truncation of 24 amino acid residues (Δ24‐CCL15) converts the slightly active 92‐residue Δ0‐CCL15 into a potent agonist of CC chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) and a weak agonist of CCR3 in cell‐based assays. The biological activity decreases from Δ24‐CCL15 to Δ29‐CCL15, and re‐increases from Δ29‐CCL15 to Δ30‐CCL15. Thus, an exocyclic N‐terminal region of only one amino acid residue is sufficient for efficient CCR1 activation. As none of the peptides investigated except for Δ24‐CCL15 activates CCR3, we suggest that CCR1 is the major receptor for CCL15 in vivo. Further we demonstrate that the third disulfide bond of CCL15 and an exchange of tyrosine in position 70 by a leucine residue, which is conserved in CXC chemokines, do not alter the interaction with CCR1. In contrast, a CCL15 derivative lacking the carboxy‐terminal α‐helix exhibits a complete loss of tertiary structure and hence loss of CCR1 agonistic and binding activity. This study demonstrates that specific protein residues in chemokines, which contribute to receptor–ligand interaction, vary significantly between chemokines and cannot be extrapolated using data from functionally related chemokines.