Release of toxic metals from button batteries retained in the stomach: An in vitro study

• Published in: Journal of pediatric surgery Vol. 37; no. 1; pp. 87 - 92
• Main Authors: Rebhandl, Winfried, Steffan, Ilse, Schramel, Peter, Puig, Stefan, Paya, Kurosh, Schwanzer, Erhard, Strobl, Birgit, Horcher, Ernst
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Philadelphia, PA Elsevier Inc 01-01-2002; Elsevier
• Subjects: Biological and medical sciences; button batteries; Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases; Electric Power Supplies; Foreign bodies; Foreign Bodies - complications; Gastric Juice - chemistry; ingestion; Medical sciences; Metals and various inorganic compounds; Metals, Heavy - chemistry; Metals, Light - chemistry; poisoning; Stomach; Time Factors; Toxicology; toxicology; button batteries; poisoning; ingestion; Foreign bodies; Stomach; Toxicology; Button battery; Poison; Poisoning; Metal; Experimental study; In vitro; Release; Ingestion
• ISSN: 0022-3468; 1531-5037
• DOI: 10.1053/jpsu.2002.29435

Background: Ingestion of button batteries by children is a rapidly growing problem, and opinions differ on how button batteries distal to the gastroesophageal junction should be managed. The authors therefore performed an experimental study to determine the cumulative load of various toxic elements released from retained button cells in simulated gastric juice. Methods: Eight different groups of button cells were immersed in simulated gastric juice. Analyzed elements included Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Te, TI, V, W; and Zn. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to evaluate the residual amounts of elements after 4, 24, 72, and 120 hours. Results: At 4 hours, leakage was seen with almost all batteries, with the levels increasing in a time-dependent manner. The highest detected levels at 4 hours were 1.20 μg for Cd, 280.51 ng for Hg, and 2.63 μg for Pb. Dissolution, holes, and defragmentation were seen within 24 to 72 hours. Battery weight loss varied between 22 and 104 mg over the course of the study. Conclusions: Toxic elements contained in button cells are released quickly in gastric juice. This finding might change the current policy of watchful waiting or conservative management of batteries lodged in the stomach. J Pediatr Surg 37:87-92. Copyright © 2002 by W.B. Saunders Company.