The Role of the Immune System in Metabolic Health and Disease

• Published in: Cell metabolism Vol. 25; no. 3; pp. 506 - 521
• Main Authors: Zmora, Niv, Bashiardes, Stavros, Levy, Maayan, Elinav, Eran
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 07-03-2017
• Subjects: Aging - physiology; Animals; diabetes mellitus; Health; Humans; immunity; malnutrition; Metabolic Diseases - genetics; Metabolic Diseases - immunology; metabolism; microbiome; Microbiota; Models, Biological; nutrition; obesity; Translational Medical Research; microbiota; malnutrition; nutrition; metabolism; diabetes mellitus; immunity; microbiome; obesity
• ISSN: 1550-4131; 1932-7420
• DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.02.006

In addition to the immune system’s traditional roles of conferring anti-infectious and anti-neoplastic protection, it has been recently implicated in the regulation of systemic metabolic homeostasis. This cross-talk between the immune and the metabolic systems is pivotal in promoting “metabolic health” throughout the life of an organism and plays fundamental roles in its adaptation to ever-changing environmental makeups and nutritional availability. Perturbations in this intricate immune-metabolic cross-talk contribute to the tendency to develop altered metabolic states that may culminate in metabolic disorders such as malnutrition, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and other features of the metabolic syndrome. Regulators of immune-metabolic interactions include host genetics, nutritional status, and the intestinal microbiome. In this Perspective, we highlight current understanding of immune-metabolism interactions, illustrate differences among individuals and between populations in this respect, and point toward future avenues of research possibly enabling immune harnessing as means of personalized treatment for common metabolic disorders.
The immune and metabolic systems intertwine to govern crucial physiological and pathological processes throughout the life of an organism. Zmora et al. delineate the role of individual endogenous and exogenous factors in shaping immune-metabolic interactions in homeostasis and disease settings and suggest that personally tailored immune targeted approaches may tackle metabolic disorders.