Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Process Parameters and Antioxidant Properties of Mulberry ( Morus alba L.) Leaves by Extrusion

• Published in: Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 25; no. 22; p. 5231
• Main Authors: Kim, Mina, Nam, Dong-Geon, Ju, Wan-Taek, Choe, Jeong-Sook, Choi, Ae-Jin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI 10-11-2020; MDPI AG
• Subjects: Animals; Antioxidants - chemistry; Antioxidants - pharmacology; Apoptosis; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; flavonoid; Flavonoids - chemistry; Hydrogen Peroxide - analysis; Inhibitory Concentration 50; leaf; macrophage; Macrophages - metabolism; Mice; Morus - chemistry; Morus alba; Phenol - chemistry; Phenols - pharmacology; Plant Extracts - chemistry; Plant Leaves - chemistry; reactive oxygen species; Reactive Oxygen Species - metabolism; Solubility; Temperature; Water - chemistry; apoptosis; macrophage; flavonoid; Morus alba; leaf; reactive oxygen species
• ISSN: 1420-3049; 1420-3049
• DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225231

Mulberry (
L.) leaves (MLs), originally used to feed silkworms, have recently been recognized as a food ingredient containing health-beneficial, bioactive compounds. In this study, the extrusion process was applied for the enhancement of the amount of extractable flavonoids from MLs. Extrusion conditions were optimized by water solubility index, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content (TF) using response surface methodology, and antioxidative stress activities were evaluated in macrophage cells. According to the significance of regression coefficients of TF, the optimal extrusion parameters were set as barrel temperature of 114 °C, moisture feed content of 20%, and screw speed of 232 rpm. Under these conditions, the TF of extruded ML reached to 0.91% and improved by 63% compared with raw ML. Fifteen flavonoids were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled with photodiode array detection and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-PDA-QTOF/MS), and the extrusion resulted in increases in quercetin-3-gentiobioside, quercetin-3,7-di-
-glucoside, kaempferol-3,7-di-
-glucoside, rutin, isoquercitrin, and moragrol C. Besides, regarding antioxidative activity, extruded ML water extract inhibited the production of H
O
-induced reactive oxygen species and attenuated nuclear morphology alterations in macrophage cells. The findings of this study should be useful in food processing design to improve the extractable functional compounds in MLs.