Topical Pharyngeal Lidocaine Reduces Respiratory Adverse Events During Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopies Under Ketamine Sedation in Children

• Published in: Paediatric drugs Vol. 21; no. 1; pp. 25 - 31
• Main Authors: Flores-González, Jose Carlos, Estalella-Mendoza, Ana, Rodríguez-Campoy, Patricia, Saldaña-Valderas, Mónica, Lechuga-Sancho, Alfonso M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cham Springer International Publishing 01-02-2019; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Local - methods; Anesthetics, Dissociative - therapeutic use; Anesthetics, Local - administration & dosage; Child; Child, Preschool; Complications; Complications and side effects; Conscious Sedation - methods; Endoscopic surgery; Endoscopy; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Female; Gastrointestinal system; Humans; Incidence; Internal Medicine; Ketamine; Ketamine - therapeutic use; Laryngismus - prevention & control; Lidocaine; Lidocaine - administration & dosage; Male; Medical personnel; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Methods; Patients; Pediatric anesthesia; Pediatric research; Pediatrics; Pharmacotherapy; Pharynx - drug effects; Postoperative Complications - prevention & control; Prevention; Prospective Studies; Respiration disorders; Respiration Disorders - prevention & control; Risk factors; Short Communication; Studies; Surgery; Systematic review; Throat; Vital signs; Spain
• ISSN: 1174-5878; 1179-2019
• DOI: 10.1007/s40272-018-0320-2

Background
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopies (UGEs) performed under ketamine sedation may increase the risk of respiratory adverse events (RAEs) due to pharyngeal stimulation. Topical lidocaine prevents general anesthesia-induced laryngospasm.
Objective
Our objective was to determine whether topical lidocaine may reduce the incidence of RAEs induced by pharyngeal stimulation in UGEs performed on children sedated with ketamine.
Methods
We conducted a single-center prospective study. We included every patient admitted for an elective diagnostic UGE under ketamine sedation who received lidocaine prior to the technique. Patients requiring any other medication were excluded. Our main outcome measure was the number of desaturation episodes. We then compared these results with those obtained in an historic group who did not receive topical lidocaine, in which we registered a total of 54 desaturation episodes.
Results
In total, 88 children (52.3% boys) were included. The median age was 7 years [interquartile range (IQR) 3–11]. The mean duration of the procedure was 6.5 ± 2.4 min, and the median initial ketamine dose was 1.76 mg/kg (IQR 1.56–2.03). The total number of desaturation episodes was 3 (3.4%), and two of these occurred prior to the introduction of the endoscope. This result represents a lower incidence than in previously reported series, and a significant decrease (
p
 < 0.0001) with respect to the 54 RAEs registered in the historic group of 87 children.
Conclusions
Topical lidocaine premedication significantly reduced the incidence of RAEs in children during UGEs under ketamine sedation. Our findings should be confirmed by a double-blind randomized controlled trial.