Parallel Evolution of C-Type Lectin Domain Gene Family Sizes in Insect-Vectored Nematodes

• Published in: Frontiers in plant science Vol. 13; p. 856826
• Main Authors: Ning, Jing, Zhou, Jiao, Wang, Haixiang, Liu, Yaning, Ahmad, Faheem, Feng, Xiaohui, Fu, Yu, Gu, Xiaoting, Zhao, Lilin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland Frontiers Media S.A 25-04-2022
• Subjects: C-type lectin; co-evolution; gene family; insect vector; parallel evolution; Plant Science; insect vector; parallel evolution; gene family; C-type lectin; co-evolution
• ISSN: 1664-462X; 1664-462X
• DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.856826

The dispersal stage of pathogens is crucial for the successful spread and infection of their hosts. Some plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) have evolved specialized dispersal stages to reach healthy hosts by being carried out by insect vectors. Because gene gain and loss is a major factor contributing to the evolution of novel characteristics, it is essential to clarify the gene family characteristics among nematodes with different dispersal modes to disentangle the evolution of insect-mediated dispersal. Here, the size of the C-type lectin (CTL) family genes of insect-vectored nematodes was found to be drastically reduced compared with those of self-dispersing nematodes, whereas the diversity of their functional domains was significantly higher. The gene family sizes of vector-dispersed nematodes were only a twentieth of the size of that of a self-dispersing (i.e., without a biotic vector) nematode model
, and these genes were inactive during the dispersal stage. Phylogenetic analysis showed that some CTL genes of vector-borne PPNs shared higher homology to the animal parasitic nematodes compared with other PPNs. Moreover, homology modeling predicted that the CTLs of insect-vectored nematodes bear remarkable structural similarity to the lectin genes of their vector's immune system. Because CTL genes are important sugar-binding proteins for the innate immune response of
, the loss of some CTL genes of vector-transmitted PPNs might be responsible for their parallel adaptations to a mutualistic relationship with their vector. These results expand our understanding of the evolutionary benefits of vector-mediated transmission for the nematode and vector-nematode co-evolution.