Balancing a sustained pursuit of nutrition, health, affordability and climate goals: exploring the case of Indonesia

• Published in: The American journal of clinical nutrition Vol. 114; no. 5; pp. 1686 - 1697
• Main Authors: de Pee, Saskia, Hardinsyah, Ridwan, Jalal, Fasli, Kim, Brent F, Semba, Richard D, Deptford, Amy, Fanzo, Jessica C, Ramsing, Rebecca, Nachman, Keeve E, McKenzie, Shawn, Bloem, Martin W
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01-11-2021; American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Inc; Oxford University Press
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; affordability; Animal-based foods; Child; Climate Change; Costs and Cost Analysis; Diet; diet and climate; Diet, Healthy - economics; EAT-Lancet diet; Environmental impact; Expenditures; Female; Food; Food chains; Food composition; food expenditure; Food intake; Food processing; Food production; Food sources; Food Supply; Greenhouse Effect; greenhouse gas emissions; Greenhouse gases; Humans; Income; Indonesia; Infant; Life cycle analysis; Life cycle assessment; Life cycles; Male; Malnutrition; Middle Aged; Nutrient content; Nutrient deficiency; Nutrition; nutritional value; Nutritive Value; Original Research Communications; sustainable healthy diets; Water consumption; water footprint; Indonesia; diet and climate; EAA; nutritional value; greenhouse gas emissions; en; NCD; affordability; SUSENAS; food expenditure; FBS; water footprint; EAT-Lancet diet; sustainable healthy diets; GHGe; Indonesia; climate change
• ISSN: 0002-9165; 1938-3207
• DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab258

To guide the transformation of food systems to provide for healthy and sustainable diets, countries need to assess their current diet and food supply in comparison to nutrition, health, affordability, and environmental goals.
We sought to compare Indonesia’s food utilization to diets optimized for nutritional value and cost and to diets that are increasingly plant-based in order to meet further health and environmental goals, including the EAT-Lancet planetary health diet, to explore whether multiple goals could be achieved simultaneously.
We compared 13 dietary scenarios (2 current, 7 optimized, 3 increasingly plant-based, 1 EAT-Lancet) for nutrient content, cost, greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe), and water footprints, using the FAO food balance sheet, Indonesia Household Income and Expenditure Survey household food expenditure, food composition, life cycle assessment, food losses, and trade data.
The diversity of modeled scenarios was higher than that of current consumption, reflecting nutritional deficiencies underlying Indonesia’s burden of different forms of malnutrition. Nutrient intake targets were met best by nutrient- and cost-optimized diets, followed by the EAT-Lancet diet. Those diets also had high GHGe, although less than 40% of a scenario in which Indonesia would adopt a typical high-income country’s diet. Only the low food chain diet had a GHGe below the 2050 target set by the EAT-Lancet commission. Its nutrient content was comparable to that of a no-dairy diet, slightly above those of fish-and-poultry and current diets, and somewhat below those of the EAT-Lancet diets. To meet nutrient needs, some animal-source foods had to be included. Costs of all except the optimized diets were above the current national average food expenditure. No scenario met all goals simultaneously.
Indonesia’s consumption of rice and unhealthy foods should decrease; food production, trade, and processing should prioritize diversification, (bio)fortification, and limiting environmental impacts; and consumer and institutional demands for healthy, nutritious, and sustainable foods should be stimulated. More granular data and tools are required to develop and assess more detailed scenarios to achieve multiple goals simultaneously.
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