Effects of hemoglobin levels during pregnancy on adverse maternal and infant outcomes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

• Published in: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Vol. 1450; no. 1; pp. 69 - 82
• Main Authors: Jung, Jenny, Rahman, Md. Mizanur, Rahman, Md. Shafiur, Swe, Khin Thet, Islam, Md. Rashedul, Rahman, Md. Obaidur, Akter, Shamima
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01-08-2019
• Subjects: Anemia; Anemia - blood; Birth weight; Confidence intervals; Continuity (mathematics); dose−response analysis; Female; Gestational age; Hemoglobin; hemoglobin concentration; Hemorrhage; Humans; Hypertension; infant outcomes; Infant, Low Birth Weight - blood; Low birth weight; Maternal Mortality; Meta-analysis; Mortality; Postpartum; Pre-eclampsia; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic - blood; Pregnancy Outcome; Premature birth; Premature Birth - blood; random‐effects meta‐analysis; Risk; Risk Factors; Small for gestational age; Stillbirth; Systematic review; hemoglobin concentration; random-effects meta-analysis; infant outcomes; anemia; dose−response analysis
• ISSN: 0077-8923; 1749-6632
• DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14112

Maternal anemia affects approximately 56 million women worldwide and increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Our study aimed to summarize the evidence for the association between maternal hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations and maternal or infant outcomes, evaluating it in a continuous manner. In this systematic review and meta‐analysis, we conducted an electronic search on PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science from inception to April 19, 2017, and further updated to November 21, 2018, applying subject heading terms related to pregnant women with anemia. We included 117 studies with 4,127,430 pregnancies. Maternal anemia increased the risk of low birth weight (odds ratio (OR), 1.65; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.45−1.87), preterm birth (PTB) (OR, 2.11; 95% CI: 1.76–2.53), perinatal mortality (PNM) (OR, 3.01; 95% CI: 1.92−4.73), stillbirth (OR, 1.95; 95% CI: 1.15−3.31), and maternal mortality (OR, 3.20; 95% CI: 1.16−8.85). A nonlinear relationship was found between maternal Hb and adverse maternal and infant outcomes. The OR of outcomes such as PTB, small‐for‐gestational age, PNM, preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, and postpartum hemorrhage was increased by two to three times. Assessing Hb as a continuous variable is important to determine the associated risk of adverse outcomes with decreasing or increasing levels.
Maternal anemia affects approximately 56 million women worldwide and increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Our study aimed to summarize the evidence for the association between maternal hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations and maternal or infant outcomes, evaluating it in a continuous manner.