Methodological challenges in qualitative content analysis: A discussion paper

• Published in: Nurse education today Vol. 56; pp. 29 - 34
• Main Authors: Graneheim, Ulla H., Lindgren, Britt-Marie, Lundman, Berit
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Scotland Elsevier Ltd 01-09-2017; Elsevier Science Ltd
• Subjects: Abstraction level; Authenticity; Categories; Content analysis; Credibility; Hermeneutics; Humans; Interpretation degree; Latent content; Manifest content; Meaning; Methods; Nursing; Nursing Methodology Research - methods; Nursing science; Qualitative content analysis; Qualitative Research; Research Design; Themes; Vårdvetenskap; Latent content; Manifest content; Qualitative content analysis; Categories; Interpretation degree; Themes; Abstraction level
• ISSN: 0260-6917; 1532-2793; 1532-2793
• DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2017.06.002

This discussion paper is aimed to map content analysis in the qualitative paradigm and explore common methodological challenges. We discuss phenomenological descriptions of manifest content and hermeneutical interpretations of latent content. We demonstrate inductive, deductive, and abductive approaches to qualitative content analysis, and elaborate on the level of abstraction and degree of interpretation used in constructing categories, descriptive themes, and themes of meaning. With increased abstraction and interpretation comes an increased challenge to demonstrate the credibility and authenticity of the analysis. A key issue is to show the logic in how categories and themes are abstracted, interpreted, and connected to the aim and to each other. Qualitative content analysis is an autonomous method and can be used at varying levels of abstraction and interpretation.
•Content analysis has changed from a counting game to a more interpretative approach.•A key issue is to differentiate between abstraction level and interpretation degree.•High abstraction and interpretation challenge the trustworthiness of the research.