A Survey of Molecular Communication in Cell Biology: Establishing a New Hierarchy for Interdisciplinary Applications

• Published in: IEEE Communications surveys and tutorials Vol. 23; no. 3; pp. 1494 - 1545
• Main Authors: Bi, Dadi, Almpanis, Apostolos, Noel, Adam, Deng, Yansha, Schober, Robert
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: IEEE 01-01-2021
• Subjects: Biology; Cell biology; chemical reactions; Chemicals; Computer architecture; diffusion; hierarchy; interdisciplinary applications; level; microfluidics; molecular communication; Protocols; Sensors; signaling pathways; Synthetic biology
• ISSN: 1553-877X
• DOI: 10.1109/COMST.2021.3066117

Molecular communication (MC) engineering is inspired by the use of chemical signals as information carriers in cell biology. The biological nature of chemical signaling makes MC a promising methodology for interdisciplinary applications requiring communication between cells and other microscale devices. However, since the life sciences and communications engineering fields have distinct approaches to formulating and solving research problems, the mismatch between them can hinder the translation of research results and impede the development and implementation of interdisciplinary solutions. To bridge this gap, this survey proposes a novel communication hierarchy for MC signaling in cell biology and maps phenomena, contributions, and problems to the hierarchy. The hierarchy includes: 1) the physical propagation of cell signaling at the Physical Signal Propagation level; 2) the generation, reception, and biochemical pathways of molecular signals at the Physical and Chemical Signal Interaction level; 3) the quantification of physical signals, including macroscale observation and control methods, and conversion of signals to information at the Signal-Data Interface level; 4) the interpretation of information in cell signals and the realization of synthetic systems to store, process, and communicate molecular signals at the Local Data Abstraction level; and 5) applications relying on communication with MC signals at the Application level. To further demonstrate the proposed hierarchy, it is applied to case studies on quorum sensing, neuronal signaling, and communication via DNA. Finally, several open problems are identified for each level and the integration of multiple levels. The proposed hierarchy provides language for communication engineers to study and interface with biological systems, and also helps biologists to understand how communications engineering concepts can be exploited to interpret, control, and manipulate signaling in cell biology.