Geographically conserved microbiomes of four temperate water tunicates

• Published in: Environmental microbiology reports Vol. 8; no. 4; pp. 470 - 478
• Main Authors: Cahill, Patrick L, Andrew E. Fidler, Grant A. Hopkins, Susanna A. Wood
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 01-08-2016; Blackwell Publishing Ltd; John Wiley & Sons, Inc
• Subjects: Animals; Aquatic Organisms - microbiology; Bacteria; Bacteria - classification; Bacteria - genetics; Bacterial leaching; Botrylloides leachi; Botryllus schlosseri; Cellulose; Ciona intestinalis; Cluster Analysis; Conserved sequence; DNA, Bacterial - chemistry; DNA, Bacterial - genetics; DNA, Ribosomal - chemistry; DNA, Ribosomal - genetics; Gene sequencing; high-throughput nucleotide sequencing; Immune system; Innate immunity; intergenic DNA; microbiome; Microbiomes; Microbiota; Phyllobacteriaceae; Phylogeny; phylotype; ribosomal RNA; rRNA; Seawater; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Symbionts; Tunicata; Urochordata - microbiology; New Zealand
• ISSN: 1758-2229; 1758-2229
• DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12391

Tunicates are useful models for exploring microbiomes because they have an innate immune system resembling that of chordates. Automated ribosomal RNA intergenic spacer analysis and High‐Throughput Sequencing were used to compare the tunic microbiomes of Ciona robusta (formerly Ciona intestinalis type A), Ciona savignyi, Botrylloides leachi and Botryllus schlosseri sampled from three distinct locations with limited genetic connectivity. Bacterial phylotype profiles were conserved within each species, and there were no detectable differences between tunic and tunic + cuticle subsamples from an individual. Bacterial operational taxonomic unit (OTU) diversity was lowest for C. savignyi (320 ± 190 OTUs) and highest for B. schlosseri (1260 ± 190 OTUs). Each species had a distinct set of bacterial OTUs (pseudo‐F = 3.0, p > 0.001), with the exception of B. leachi and B. schlosseri from one sampling location (t = 1.2, p = 0.09). Of note were OTUs assigned to Alphaproteobacteria from C. robusta plus Phyllobacteriaceae and Endozoicomonas from C. savignyi. These OTUs contributed 51, 22 and 10% of sequence reads, respectively, and are related to known bacterial symbionts. The within‐species conservation of core OTUs across three distinct and co‐occurring populations of tunicates provides compelling evidence that these tunicates foster defined microbiomes.