Seeing in the dark: Phosphene thresholds with eyes open versus closed in the absence of visual inputs

• Published in: Brain stimulation Vol. 10; no. 4; pp. 828 - 835
• Main Authors: de Graaf, T.A, Duecker, F, Stankevich, Y, Oever, S. ten, Sack, A.T
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01-07-2017
• Subjects: Adult; Alpha; Alpha Rhythm; Excitability; Eye Movements; Female; Humans; Male; Neurology; Oscillations; Phosphene; Phosphenes; Photic Stimulation; Sensory Thresholds; Threshold; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; Visual Cortex - physiology; Visual Perception; Alpha; Oscillations; Excitability; Phosphene; Threshold; Transcranial magnetic stimulation
• ISSN: 1935-861X; 1876-4754
• DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.04.127

Abstract Background Voluntarily opening or closing our eyes results in fundamentally different input patterns and expectancies. Yet it remains unclear how our brains and visual systems adapt to these ocular states. Objective/Hypothesis: We here used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to probe the excitability of the human visual system with eyes open or closed, in the complete absence of visual inputs. Methods Combining Bayesian staircase procedures with computer control of TMS pulse intensity allowed interleaved determination of phosphene thresholds (PT) in both conditions. We measured parieto-occipital EEG baseline activity in several stages to track oscillatory power in the alpha (8-12 Hz) frequency-band, which has previously been shown to be inversely related to phosphene perception. Results Since closing the eyes generally increases alpha power, one might have expected a decrease in excitability (higher PT). While we confirmed a rise in alpha power with eyes closed, visual excitability was actually increased (PT was lower) with eyes closed. Conclusions This suggests that, aside from oscillatory alpha power, additional neuronal mechanisms influence the excitability of early visual cortex. One of these may involve a more internally oriented mode of brain operation, engaged by closing the eyes. In this state, visual cortex may be more susceptible to top-down inputs, to facilitate for example multisensory integration or imagery/working memory, although alternative explanations remain possible.