Sequestration of radioactive iodine in silver-palladium phases in commercial spent nuclear fuel

• Published in: Journal of nuclear materials Vol. 482; no. C; pp. 229 - 235
• Main Authors: Buck, Edgar C., Mausolf, Edward J., McNamara, Bruce K., Soderquist, Chuck Z., Schwantes, Jon M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Amsterdam Elsevier B.V 15-12-2016; Elsevier BV; Elsevier
• Subjects: AgI; Aqueous solutions; Elemental mapping; Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy; Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory; Fuel consumption; Fuel dissolution; Halides; High pressure; Iodine; Microscopic analysis; Nuclear fission; NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS; Nuclear fuels; Palladium; Performance assessment; Scanning electron microscopy; SEM; Silver iodide; Spent fuel; Spent nuclear fuels; Studies; TEM; Uranium; Uranium oxide; Used Fuel Disposition; Volatility; Scanning electron microscopy; Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy; AgI; Fuel dissolution; Elemental mapping
• ISSN: 0022-3115; 1873-4820
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2016.10.029

Radioactive iodine is the Achilles' heel in the design for the safe geological disposal of spent uranium oxide (UO2) nuclear fuel. Furthermore, iodine's high volatility and aqueous solubility were mainly responsible for the high early doses released during the accident at Fukushima Daiichi in 2011. Studies Kienzler et al., however, have indicated that the instant release fraction (IRF) of radioiodine (131/129I) does not correlate directly with increasing fuel burn-up. In fact, there is a peak in the release of iodine at around 50–60 MW d/kgU, and with increasing burn-up, the IRF of 131/129I decreases. The reasons for this decrease have not fully been understood. We have performed microscopic analysis of chemically processed high burn-up UO2 fuel (80 MW d/kgU) and have found recalcitrant nano-particles containing, Pd, Ag, I, and Br, possibly consistent with a high pressure phase of silver iodide in the undissolved residue. It is likely that increased levels of Ag and Pd from 239Pu fission in high burnup fuels leads to the formation of these metal halides. The occurrence of these phases in UO2 nuclear fuels may reduce the impact of long-lived 129I on the repository performance assessment calculations.
•A Pd-Ag halide phase has been observed in a high burn-up UO2 reactor fuel.•The phases contains iodine and bromine.•Iodine release in high burnup fuels may be reduced through the formation of recalcitrant phases.