Making the PI and PID Controller Tuning Inspired by Ziegler and Nichols Precise and Reliable

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 21; no. 18; p. 6157
• Main Authors: Huba, Mikulas, Chamraz, Stefan, Bistak, Pavol, Vrancic, Damir
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 14-09-2021; MDPI
• Subjects: anti-windup; Approximation; Control algorithms; Control systems design; Controllers; D C motors; derivative action; Digitization; Electric motors; Filter design (mathematics); filtration; multiple real dominant pole method; Noise; Noise measurement; Noise reduction; PI and PID control; Process controls; Speed control; Static models
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s21186157

This paper deals with the design of a DC motor speed control implemented by an embedded controller. The design is simple and brings some important changes to the traditional Ziegler–Nichols tuning. The design also includes a novel anti-windup implementation of the controller and an integrated noise-reduction filter design. The proposed tuning method considers all important aspects of the control, such as pre-processing of the measured signals and filtering (to attenuate the measurement noise), time delays of the process, modeling and identification of the process, and constraints on the control signal. Three important aspects of designing PI and PID controllers for processes with noisy output on Arduino-type embedded computers are considered. First, it deals with the integrated design of the input filter and the controller parameters, since both are interdependent. Secondly, the method of setting the controllers from step responses by Ziegler and Nichols is modified for the case of digital signal processing (without drawing the tangent), while it recommends the suitability of its modification in terms of the use of both integral and static models. Third, the most suitable anti-windup solution for the given controller structure is proposed. In summary, the paper shows that an appropriate design of the embedded controller can achieve excellent closed-loop performance even in a noisy process environment with limited control signals.