Test Characteristics of Focused Assessment of Sonography for Trauma for Clinically Significant Abdominal Free Fluid in Pediatric Blunt Abdominal Trauma

• Published in: Academic emergency medicine Vol. 18; no. 5; pp. 477 - 482
• Main Authors: Fox, J. Christian, Boysen, Megan, Gharahbaghian, Laleh, Cusick, Seric, Ahmed, Suleman S., Anderson, Craig L., Lekawa, Michael, Langdorf, Mark I.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01-05-2011; Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
• Subjects: Abdomen; Abdominal Injuries - complications; Abdominal Injuries - diagnostic imaging; Abdominal Injuries - surgery; Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Childrens health; Emergency medical care; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Hemoperitoneum - diagnostic imaging; Hemoperitoneum - etiology; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Laparotomy; Male; Pediatrics; Prospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tomography, X-Ray Computed - standards; Trauma care; Trauma Centers; Ultrasonic imaging; Ultrasonography - methods; Ultrasonography - standards; Wounds, Nonpenetrating - diagnostic imaging
• ISSN: 1069-6563; 1553-2712
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01071.x

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:477–482 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Objectives:  Focused assessment of sonography in trauma (FAST) has been shown useful to detect clinically significant hemoperitoneum in adults, but not in children. The objectives were to determine test characteristics for clinically important intraperitoneal free fluid (FF) in pediatric blunt abdominal trauma (BAT) using computed tomography (CT) or surgery as criterion reference and, second, to determine the test characteristics of FAST to detect any amount of intraperitoneal FF as detected by CT.
Methods:  This was a prospective observational study of consecutive children (0–17 years) who required trauma team activation for BAT and received either CT or laparotomy between 2004 and 2007. Experienced physicians performed and interpreted FAST. Clinically important FF was defined as moderate or greater amount of intraperitoneal FF per the radiologist CT report or surgery.
Results:  The study enrolled 431 patients, excluded 74, and analyzed data on 357. For the first objective, 23 patients had significant hemoperitoneum (22 on CT and one at surgery). Twelve of the 23 had true‐positive FAST (sensitivity = 52%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 31% to 73%). FAST was true negative in 321 of 334 (specificity = 96%; 95% CI = 93% to 98%). Twelve of 25 patients with positive FAST had significant FF on CT (positive predictive value [PPV] = 48%; 95% CI = 28% to 69%). Of 332 patients with negative FAST, 321 had no significant fluid on CT (negative predictive value [NPV] = 97%; 95% CI = 94% to 98%). Positive likelihood ratio (LR) for FF was 13.4 (95% CI = 6.9 to 26.0) while the negative LR was 0.50 (95% CI = 0.32 to 0.76). Accuracy was 93% (333 of 357, 95% CI = 90% to 96%). For the second objective, test characteristics were as follows: sensitivity = 20% (95% CI = 13% to 30%), specificity = 98% (95% CI = 95% to 99%), PPV = 76% (95% CI = 54% to 90%), NPV = 78% (95% CI = 73% to 82%), positive LR = 9.0 (95% CI = 3.7 to 21.8), negative LR = 0.81 (95% CI = 0.7 to 0.9), and accuracy = 78% (277 of 357, 95% CI = 73% to 82%).
Conclusion:  In this population of children with BAT, FAST has a low sensitivity for clinically important FF but has high specificity. A positive FAST suggests hemoperitoneum and abdominal injury, while a negative FAST aids little in decision‐making.