Gamma‐Glutamyl Transferase (γ‐GT) – an old dog with new tricks?

Gamma‐Glutamyl Transferase (γ‐GT) – an old dog with new tricks?

Gamma‐Glutamyl Transferase (γGT) is a key transferase involved in the transpeptidation of functional gamma‐glutamyl groups to various receptor moieties. It performs important roles in antioxidant defence mechanisms, particularly glutathione recycling, xenobiotic metabolism, but analogously may also...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Liver international Vol. 42; no. 1; pp. 9 - 15
Main Authors: Brennan, Paul N., Dillon, John F., Tapper, Elliot B.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: United States Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01-01-2022
Subjects:
Antioxidants
Biomarkers
Biomarkers - metabolism
Cardiovascular diseases
cholestasis
gamma-Glutamyltransferase - metabolism
gamma‐glutamyl transferase (γGT)
glutamyl cycle
Glutathione
Glutathione - metabolism
Health risks
Ingestion
Kidney diseases
Liver
Liver - metabolism
Liver diseases
Metabolism
Mortality
Oxidants
Oxidative Stress
Oxidizing agents
prognostication
glutamyl cycle
cholestasis
glutathione
prognostication
gamma-glutamyl transferase (γGT)
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Summary:Gamma‐Glutamyl Transferase (γGT) is a key transferase involved in the transpeptidation of functional gamma‐glutamyl groups to various receptor moieties. It performs important roles in antioxidant defence mechanisms, particularly glutathione recycling, xenobiotic metabolism, but analogously may also have a pro‐oxidant role. γGT is very sensitive for the diagnosis of liver injury, although it has poor specificity for particular aetiologies. It has been used to reflect temporal changes as a form of monitoring depending on aetiology. Given its cellular role in antioxidant function, it has been investigated as a surrogate biomarker of oxidative stress. It has also been found to be a predictor of mortality across a spectra of non‐hepatic disease pathologies, from metabolic and cardiovascular risk to chronic kidney disease and neoplasia. Similarly, it also remains of interest to the insurance industry given an apparent ability to predict mortality, in addition to a historical interest from law enforcement as a marker of chronic alcohol ingestion. Here, we review some of the unique characteristics of this important enzyme, previously considered as a mere specific marker of liver dysfunction, but now with clear extra‐hepatic implications and novel applications and utility.
Bibliography:Funding information
The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not‐for‐profit sectors relating to this work. PNB has received lecture honoraria from Takeda. JFD has received research grants and lecture honoraria from MSD, Abbvie, and Gilead. EBT receives funding from the National Institutes of Health through the NIDDK (1K23DK117055). EBT has served as a consultant to Novartis, Kaleido, Axcella, and Allergan, has served on advisory boards for Mallinckrodt, Rebiotix, and Bausch Health, and has received unrestricted research grants from Gilead and Valeant.
Handling Editor: Luca Valenti
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Contributors All authors reviewed the literature. PNB prepared the initial manuscript draft and all revisions. JFD and EBT revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. All authors approve final draft of the manuscript
ISSN:1478-3223
1478-3231
DOI:10.1111/liv.15099