Variability of pyrethroid concentrations on hard surface kitchen flooring in occupied housing

• Published in: Indoor air Vol. 28; no. 5; pp. 665 - 675
• Main Authors: Starr, J. M., Graham, S. E., Li, W., Gemma, A. A., Morgan, M. K.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Hindawi Limited 01-09-2018
• Subjects: Correlation analysis; Correlation coefficient; Correlation coefficients; co‐occurrence; Degradation; Degradation products; Deltamethrin; Diaries; Flooring; Housing; indoor; Indoor air pollution; Insecticides; Neurotoxicity; Pesticides; pyrethroid degradation products; Pyrethroids; Residential areas; Sampling; temporal measurements; Variability; wipe sampling; pyrethroids; indoor; co-occurrence; wipe sampling; temporal measurements; pyrethroid degradation products
• ISSN: 0905-6947; 1600-0668
• DOI: 10.1111/ina.12471

Pyrethroids are a class of neurotoxic insecticides, and some studies have used single‐time wiping of hard surface flooring to estimate indoor pyrethroid concentrations. Considering that human activities may affect concentrations, knowledge of temporal variability is needed to reduce the uncertainty of exposure estimates that are calculated using wipe sampling of pyrethroids in occupied housing. During weeks one, two, and six of a 6‐week study, two wipe samples of hard surface kitchen flooring were collected in each of 50 occupied residences and used to estimate the temporal variability of eight pyrethroids and six pyrethroid degradation products. Beginning 1 month prior to sample collection, the participants kept pesticide use diaries. All pyrethroids were widely distributed among the houses, and co‐occurrence of multiple pyrethroids was common structured. Application diaries and detection frequencies appeared unconnected, but the applications were correlated with measurable changes in pyrethroid concentrations. In general, degradation products were detected less frequently and at lower concentrations than their parent pyrethroids. Estimates of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for individual pyrethroids ranged from 0.55 (bifenthrin) to 0.80 (deltamethrin), and two sampling events at each residence would have been sufficient to estimate the mean concentration of most pyrethroids with an ICC of 0.80.